The Problem of Child Molestation

Introduction Many people find it hard to discuss issues related to child sex abuse. What’s more, it is even hard to admit the fact that children of all ages (including babies) are sexually molested on daily basis. Sexual abuse has become a hot topic among many communities and a number of professional programs and legislations have been drafted to address this problem.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Child Molestation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is shown by the existing body of literature that dwells on sexual abuse as well as media coverage on the same matter (American Humane Association, 2011, p.1). This paper will therefore discuss the prevalence of sexual abuse among children. It will also present statistics on the prevalence of this problem and suggest ways that parents can use to protect their children from sexual predators. Child Sexual Abuse Child sex abuse can be defined in various ways. Nonetheless, the salient feature of any child abuse is the central role of an adult who coerces a child into a sexual act. Child sexual abuse may consist of touching private parts of a child, digital penetration, vaginal intercourse and oral-genital contact. It is worthy to mention that child sexual abuse is not only limited to physical contact but also may include non-contact abuse such as child pornography, voyeurism and abuse by peers. The lack of accurate definition of what entails child sexual abuse is further hindered by inadequate statistics on cases of child abuse. Nevertheless, several healthcare professionals concur that child sexual abuse is a serious problem and merits serious attention (American Psychological association, 2011, p.2). Statistics on Child Sexual Abuse According to estimates by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, over 9.2% of substantiated or unconfirmed cases of child neglect and abuse in 2005 comprised of sexual abus e. This percentage translates into about 83,000 incidences of child sexual abuse in 2005 alone. Several studies have indicated that the prevalence of child sexual abuse is higher than the cases reported to child protection agencies. What’s more, the data available reveal that girls are more susceptible to sexual abuse incidences although the prevalence of this problem is also escalating among the boys (American Humane association, 2011, p.4).Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to a report by the Georgia Department of Corrections, the number of inmates admitted at the correctional center for sexual offenses rose by over 340% between 1980 and 2006. In addition, the number of people imprisoned for child sex offenses increased by over 910% during the same period. The report states further that over 50% of the parolees, probationers as well as convicts at the facility are child sexual offenders. In 2007, the number of convicted sex offenders at the Georgia Department of Corrections (GDC) was approximately 14,250. Over 75% of these convicts were child listed as child sex offenders. The number of sex offenders in Georgia has escalated dramatically in the last 27 years. As a matter of fact, ever since GDC released its report on sex offenders in 1992, the number of child sex offenders has grown from about 5,400 to approximately 14,200 between 1992 and 2007. These figures translate to an average increase of 11% or 586 sex convictions per annum. The rapid increase in the number of sex offenders is mainly attributed to the rising number of inmates admitted at the center for child sex offenses (Georgia Department of Corrections, 2007, p.2). As a matter of fact, the number of child sex offenders admitted in prison between 1980 and 2006 increased at an average rate of 35% per annum compared to 3% for other sex offenders during the same period. This rapid growt h can be explained in part by a nationwide crackdown carried out in 1970s on sexual offenders. During this period, parents were encouraged to discuss about improper touches with their children and persuade them to report incidences of sexual abuses. In addition, the government introduced several legislative reforms to enable parents as well as victims report incidences of sexual abuses (Georgia Department of Corrections, 2007, p.2). Effects of Child Sex Abuse Negative Effects on the Child The effects of sexual abuse on children can be long-term and in some cases, may even go beyond childhood. Sexual abuse denies a child his/her childhood and leads to self-abusive behaviors, feelings of resentment and loss of trust. In worst cases, sexual abuse may lead to suicide. In addition, sexual abuse produces depression, antisocial behavior, loss of self respect and other emotional problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Child Molestation specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What’s more, victims of sexual abuse may experience hardships during their intimate relationships in their future lives. In nutshell, the negative effects of sexual abuse on children are diverse. There is no single set of outcomes or symptoms that a victim may experience. In some cases, the victim may even fail to experience any psychological pain as a result of the abuse. Nonetheless, the victim may experience self-denial as a coping mechanism or may feel afraid to express his/her real feelings. Some victims of sex abuse may experience what is known as sleeper effects. This implies that they may not experience any short-term emotional pain but are likely to encounter problems later on in their adulthood (American Psychological association, 2011, p.9). There is no doubt that the effects of child sex abuse are dire. Sexual abuse of children is morally and ethically wrong (American Humane association, 2011, p.4) . Negative Effects on Families There is no doubt that child sex abuse may negatively affect family relationships. In spite of the fact that child sex abuse may emerge from negative family dynamics, it can also easily generate or aggravate negative family relations or roles. Majority of literature usually cite the family secret implicit in many cases of incest. When a child is sexually abused by a family member, he/she can either withdraw from family relations or turn out to be sufficiently suggestive that his/her upsets the family relations. Many experts on family matters have also suggested that normal family relationships and roles are often disrupted by sexual exploitation (Briere Elliott, 1993, p.285). According to Briere and Elliot, family relations are likely to experience divided loyalty when a child is sexual exploited by a family member (1993, 285). When such crime is disclosed, the sexual offender may respond to the accusations with hostility, denial and defensiveness aga inst the victim and any other family member who support the child. In some cases, the sexual offender can take advantage of family ties to challenge claims made by the sexually molested child. In addition, the mother of the sexually molested child may air her concerns in a protective manner although some may even refute the sexual abuse, or blame the child (Briere Elliott, 1993, p.285).Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Preventions Children who are victims of sexual abuse usually show signs of behavioral changes according to their ages. It is thus imperative that parents learn to identify these signs and symptoms. For example, some of the signs exhibited by children aged below three years include: vomiting; sleep interruptions; feeding problems; excessive crying; and failure to prosper. Symptoms of sexual abuse for children aged between two and nine years, may include: extreme masturbation; eating disorders; withdrawal from family unit; feelings of guilt; and victimization of others. Signs of sexual abuse among older children include: promiscuity; depression; aggression; suicidal gestures; eating disorders; running away from home; poor academic performance; and sleeping disorders (The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2010, p.1). It is thus imperative that parents educate their children on appropriate sexual behaviors and encourage them to report anyone who attempts to touch their private pa rts. They must also provide adequate supervision for their children and only leave them under the care of persons they trust (American Psychological association, 2011, p.9). Penalties for Sexual Offenders There are several stiff laws enacted to deal with sexual offenders in the United States. For example, in 1995, lawmakers in Georgia passed the senate bill (SB 411) which is also known as the seven deadly sins law. The new law imposes a compulsory minimum sentence of 10 years in prison (without a possibility of parole) for child sex offenders and a life sentence for repeat offenders. Since SB 411 was enacted, the average prison sentence for first-time offenders increased from 12 years to about 18 years. Prior to 1996, child sex offenders served only 60% of their sentence. However, they now serve an average of 95% of their sentence (Georgia Department of Corrections, 2007, p.2). Conclusion Although there is no clear definition of what constitutes child sex abuse, many healthcare expe rts concur that child sex abuse is now a prevalent problem. Victims of sexual abuse may experience short-term and long-term negative effects as a result of sexual molestation. It is thus imperative that parents teach their children about appropriate sexual behaviors and encourage them to report incidences of sexual abuse. There is no doubt that cases of child sex abuse are on the rise. Nonetheless several strict laws have been enacted to punish sexual offenders. References American Humane Association. (2011). Child Sexual Abuse. Web. American Psychological Association. (2011). Understanding Child Sexual Abuse: Education, Prevention and Recovery. Web. Briere, J., Elliott, D.M. (1993). Sexual Abuse, Family Environment and Psychological Symptoms: On the Validity of Statistical Control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 284-288. Georgia Department of Corrections. (2007). Offenders in Georgia: Child Sex Offenders. Web. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (20 10). Child Sexual Abuse Fact Sheet. Web. This essay on The Problem of Child Molestation was written and submitted by user Kamden Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Interstellar travel

Interstellar travel Abstract The concept of interstellar trip is not easy, but attainable through adoption of appropriate technologies. This paper gives an overview of this possibility by discussing the main difficulties involved in such missions and a series of proposed and theoretical solutions that can be used to speed up the spaceship.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Interstellar travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It further discusses a number of future problems and the key contributions to human life that could arise once interstellar travel is accomplished. The adoption of advanced technologies will make interstellar travel a reality within the foreseeable future and will bring major benefits to the lives of humans living on earth. Introduction The concept of Interstellar spaceflight refers to the unmanned or manned trip that takes place between stars. Nowadays, a journey into space is limited to just some spaceshi ps visiting our neighbouring planets. However, is it possible to travel up to the nearest stars? Interstellar trip offers more challenges than interplanetary trip, but intergalactic trip, which is the voyage between various galaxies, is even more challenging. For the short term, particularly for manned travels, it may seem like a pipe dream due to the limitations on practical technology and sources. Nevertheless, in the long term, this dream may be achieved, possibly commencing with unmanned missions. In addition, once this goal is achieved, it will contribute to the discovery of the universe and human life. The main difficulties of achieving the interstellar trip One of the main difficulties of accomplishing an interstellar trip is the enormous distance that exists between the earth and the nearest star. This implies that an interstellar ship that travels at a fast speed and that can take a long time to travel is necessary for its achievement. The period taken by the majority of pr opulsion methods would last for decades to millennia; therefore, a spaceship would be much more extremely exposed to the dangers present in interstellar travel such as hard vacuum, radiation, weightlessness, and micrometeoroids. The vast distance complicates the possibility of designing manned travels, and further makes the economic justification of such a trip almost not possible. This is because the advantages that do not become available for a number of years to come have a present worth close to zero (Marcvey 1977).Advertising Looking for critical writing on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An important aspect contributing to the complexity arises from the energy that must be supplied to realize a practical travel time. The law of kinetic energy, e=1/2mv2 where m represents the final mass, describes the amount of energy needed; therefore, if deceleration on arrival is considered necessary and this canno t be attained by an atmosphere, then the total energy needed is even more. The speed for a manned interstellar travel of a few decades to even the nearest star exceeds by far the speed of the current propulsion methods and according to the square law, millions of times as much energy would be necessary. Moreover, this immense amount of energy has to be carried along the space vehicle since solar panels cease to function when they are far from the sun and other stars. A significant issue with the voyages at very high velocities is that interstellar dust and gas are able to impair the proper functioning of the space vehicle. This is because of the high relative velocities and huge kinetic energies involved. Larger materials, for example, macroscopic dust grains, though can cause more damage, are not very frequent. Different appropriate ways of protecting the spacecrafts from such hazards have been properly evaluated. Another difficulty of achieving an interstellar trip is attributed t o the practical speed of spaceships that move slower than the speed of light. Astronomical distances are usually given in terms of the time a beam of light moves between two places and in a vacuum, light travels at 186,000 miles per second. For example, the distance from the earth to the moon, which is about 1.3 light-seconds away, can be achieved in about three days by the use of the current spacecrafts. This implies that the speed of light is about two hundred thousand times faster than the speed of the current spaceships. It takes approximately three light-minutes to four light-hours to travel from the earth to the other planets within the solar system; therefore, a space vehicle can take about a few weeks to even many years to complete a voyage to any of these planets. The closest star to the sun is referred to as the Alpha Centuri and it takes light coming from it up to four years to reach the Earth. At present, the fastest spaceship that has been developed travels at thirty ki lometres per second. At that velocity, the voyage can last for up to 40,000 years. Moreover, the current spacecrafts are designed to have an operational lifetime of approximately forty years before they finally start to disintegrate. Therefore, major technological advances, for example, automated self-repair, may be incorporated in the design of spacecrafts to make sure they survive for a longer time. There is presently absence of adequate technological advancement to ensure that a spacecraft reaches other stars in less than five decades (Clark 1995).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Interstellar travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proposed solutions for interstellar trip If a spacecraft could average just ten percent of the velocity of light, it would take less than fifty years to reach the nearest star. Therefore, a series of proposed solutions have been proposed to overcome the difficulties and achi eve the dream of interstellar travel. These include development of the nuclear pulse propulsion, fusion rockets, the bussard ramjet, antimatter ramjets, and the beam-powered propulsion. The construction of spacecrafts by the use of nuclear pulse propulsion technology has been achievable from the 1960s. The spacecrafts are driven by a series of nuclear explosions that propels them at very high speed; hence, they are able to reach the nearest star in decades rather than centuries. The building costs of such crafts were estimated to be equal to those of crafts build by means of chemical rockets technology. Suggested interstellar spaceship travel by means of nuclear pulse propulsion technology includes Project Orion and Project Longshot. The former used nuclear bombs as propellant while the latter used inertial confinement fusion explosions. Project Orion is one of the few interstellar travel suggestions which can be achieved through the modern technological advancement. Interstellar tr ip would only be achieved by means of advanced derivatives of the design with cruising speeds of eight to ten percent metres per second; however, versions investigated during the exercise had too low exhaust velocities of twenty to thirty kilometres per second. The project was under intense criticism because of the dangers involved in using nuclear explosives as fuel for spacecrafts. The use of the fusion rockets have also been proposed as a means of speeding up the spaceship. The technology employs foreseeable fusion reactors that have the capacity to attain about ten percent the speed of light. Fusion reactors â€Å"burn† such light elements as helium or tritium to yield one percent of the mass of the nuclear fuel as released energy. On the other hand, fission is less preferred because it releases approximately 0.1% of the fuel’s mass energy. Nevertheless, the most realizable fusion reactions give out a huge portion of their energy as high-energy neutrons that are co mplicated to use. One suggestion of employing this technology is Project Daedalus. A hindrance of the traditional ways of propelling rockets is that the spaceship would have to be loaded with its fuel, therefore increasing its mass. The use of bussard ramjet, antimatter rockets, and beamed propulsion methods has been proposed as probable solutions to this problem.Advertising Looking for critical writing on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proposal of the bussard ramjet for an interstellar propulsion system was made by Robert W. Bussard in 1960. He suggested that a large scoop would gather the diffuse hydrogen in space, consume it during the interstellar flight by means of proton-proton fusion reaction, and then force it out. As the fuel would be gathered on transit, a spacecraft could travel at a speed near that of light. Later computations with more precise approximations indicate that the force produced would be less than the drag resulting from any possible scoop design. The proposal of an antimatter rocket would have an increased energy density and specific impulse that would exceed any other suggested interstellar propulsion system. Major progress can be made if energy resources and sufficient ways of manufacturing are discovered to formulate antimatter in the quantities desired. This would make it possible for the spacecrafts to reach velocities near that of light. However, time dilation would be more evide nt where time would pass at a slower rate for the voyagers as alleged by an outside observer. Finally, the proposal of beamed propulsion, would potentially reach even higher velocities surpassing those of the rockets or pulse propulsion methods. This is because it uses a light sail or magnetic sail driven by an enormous laser or particle accelerator in the home star system. Moreover, since it would not carry its own reaction mass, it would only need to propel the spaceship’s payload. Robert L. Forward suggested a method for decelerating an interstellar light sail in the destination star system devoid of a laser array by the use of a smaller secondary sail and a larger secondary sail. The smaller secondary sail is placed at the back of the spaceship whereas the larger primary sail is separated from the spaceship in order to keep moving forward on its own, and light is reflected from the latter to the former sail. The reflected light is used to decelerate the secondary sail and the spaceship’s load. It is also possible for a magnetic sail to decelerate at its destination minus relying on fuel carried on the way. The magnetic sail interacts with the plasma present in the destination star and the interstellar medium since in contrast to the light sail system; this would not need the action of the particle beam employed when starting the voyage of the spacecraft. On the other hand, it is possible to increase the speed of a magnetic sail by means of particle beam or a plasma beam. Theoretical solutions for interstellar trip Several scientists have put forward theoretical solutions for achieving interstellar trip. The concepts of traversable wormhole and warp drive have been proposed as possible means of surpassing the speed of light. A traversable wormhole refers to a theoretical topological feature of space-time that scientists postulate could connect two arbitrary points in the universe. Although wormholes are valid solutions in general relativity, i t has not been established whether they exist in practice. They can be of benefit only if exotic matter can be used to stabilize them. Warp drive is a faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel theoretical solution that equips a spaceship with a system that enables it to travel much faster than light by numerous orders of magnitude, while avoiding the difficulty of time dilation. The warp drive does not allow instantaneous movement between two places, but it forms an artificial â€Å"bubble† of normal space-time which envelops the spaceship. It does not go into a different realm or dimension like hyperspace. As a result, a spaceship travelling at a warp velocity is able to maintain normal interactions with objects in normal space. Future problems of interstellar travel Once interstellar travel is happening, scientists would have to deal with the problems of time dilation and universe expansion. Time dilation is one of the most enthralling aspects of relativity that refers to the slowing-down of the passage of time as witnessed by individuals or objects moving at a substantial fraction of the velocity of light. The two types of time dilation are gravitational time dilation and velocity time dilation. Both of them can operate together. Velocity time dilation occurs when an individual or an object travels at near the velocity of light and time tends to slow down as compared to the rest of the universe. In other words, for a stationary observer, time passes slower. Even though the object is moving fast, the observer would see it as slowing down its activity. Gravitational time dilation refers to the phenomenon of time passing at different rates in areas of different gravitational potential and it has been confirmed by tests of general relativity. This means that the lower the gravitational potential of an object, the slower the clock runs. This effect is evident in accelerated frames of reference, for example, an accelerating spacecraft, or by virtue of th e equivalence principle. Another problem arises from the possibility of universe expansion. It has been suggested that dark energy is slowly driving the universe in the direction of increasing rates of expansion as expressed by the Hubble Constant. The current expansion of the universe makes astronomers to be puzzled at the possibility of an interstellar travel because of the errors that arise from computations. Contributions of interstellar trip to man Although interstellar travel is a capital intensive exercise that is full of challenges, its achievement can bring major beneficial contributions to the human life on earth. It would need advanced technology to explore the extreme conditions of interstellar space. Therefore, the technology developed in realizing this can be successfully implemented in the making of life-saving and enhanced medical equipment. Moreover, man would discover the universe and maybe establish contacts with aliens. Interstellar travel would also make more en ergies and resources available to man. Fossil fuels and minerals on Earth could soon get depleted and the consequences can be worst if no reserves are available. As more people are being born on Earth, the effects of overpopulation could soon become unbearable. But, with the achievement of interstellar travel, scientists can discover methods to terraform the Mars or the moon to support human life. This achievement would make it possible to establish another civilization that would be having adequate quantities of energies and resources to benefit the individuals habiting on it as well as the individuals on Earth (Thomas 1989). Conclusion Although there are difficulties in achieving interstellar travel which arises from the vast distance between the earth and the nearest star and the slow speed of the current spaceships, a number of proposed solutions and theoretical solutions can make this goal to be realized in the near future. The proposed solutions for realizing this include deve lopment of the nuclear pulse propulsion, fusion rockets, the bussard ramjet, antimatter ramjets, and the beam-powered propulsion. Furthermore, proposed theoretical solutions include the use of traversable wormhole and warp drive. The possibility of interstellar travel started over 50 years ago. It has been marred by controversies from scientists, religious leaders, media and the common person. It is important therefore to review critically the available information to determine what the truth is about the possibility of such missions. This is because the inexhaustible region of interstellar space is lying before us, awaiting discovery and colonization to bring major benefits to our lives on this planet. Therefore, we should not rest until this reality is achieved by us, if not by our children. Reference List Clark, Stuart. 1995. Stars and atoms: from the Big Bang to the Solar System. New York: Oxford University Press. Marcvey, John. 1977. Interstellar travel: past, present, and futu re. New York: Stein and Day. Thomas, McDonough. 1989. Space: the next twenty five years. New York: Wiley.

Analysis of an Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis of an Advertisement - Essay Example Sisley is a multinational company operating in major nations throughout the world. The company deals with clothing and jewelry. In the recent years, it has made progress in its fashion products because of the differentiation of products it formulated. This also made it to segment its market and attract fashion female addicts. However, my problem with the company and product is associated with their advert. They tend to associate their target consumers with certain behaviors, which is not good. Their latest advert portrayed their target consumers in a negative way since they associated them with drugs as shown in the image below. The advert is an association of the target groups with drugs, cocaine. It portrays fashion addicts as cocaine addicts. For instance, the word fashion is misspelled to â€Å"Fashioin.† This was intentional to make it rhyme with cocaine. It depicts two women snorting cocaine. It also features a white dress, which is arranged to resemble cocaine. Similarly, there is also a white powder in the JPMorgan chase cards resembling cocaine. The accompanying text for the advert is, â€Å"Sisley Fashioin Junkie.† The target audience for the advert is young women who are fashion addicts. The advert features the picture of two beautiful women who are at their young ages hence acting as the target audience. The advert also uses bold textual techniques in selling their fashion products. The text has the name of the company as well as the altered spelling of fashion. This brings attention to the audience, hence capturing them. The advert is very effective in reaching its target. Its controversy in portraying the target consumers as cocaine addicts makes many consumers aware of its existence because many discuss it. Similarly, it attracts attention since many consumers are eager to find out what is going on and its nature. This makes it attract attention, hence reaching the target. The advert is not ethical. It depicts its target consumers in a negative

DECISION MAKING PROCESS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DECISION MAKING PROCESS - Research Paper Example quential, and time-consuming process used when adequate planning time and sufficient staff support are available to thoroughly examine numerous friendly and enemy courses of action (COAs)† (The Military Decision-Making Process, n. d, p.1). The actions of enemies are important in taking decisions in military whereas in other organizations actions of the competitors are important in taking decisions. For example, Indian military usually take decisions about arms purchase based on the military equipment purchased by the Pakistan military. Pakistan has developed long range surface to air missiles recently and India also is trying to develop such missiles now. In short, the actions of the enemies are important in taking military decisions in a country. â€Å"The commander is in charge of the military decision-making process and decides what procedures to use in each situation† (The Military Decision-Making Process, n. d, p.1). In other words, autocratic decision making method is prevailing in military. In other organizations, CEO’s or the director board of a company is taking decisions mostly in a democratic manner. No subordinates can question the decisions taken by a commander even if the subordinate has 100% surety about a wrong decision taken by a commander. The slogan; superior is always right is prevailing in military organizations. Even though the ultimate decision would be taken by the commander, in many cases, the commander seeks the opinions of his subordinates before taking the final decisions. â€Å"The decision-making process in military begins with the receipt or anticipation of a new mission† (The Military Decision-Making Process, n. d, p.3). Military is always on the lookout for various kinds of missions. These missions involve not only attacking enemies and defending the sovereignty of the mother country, but also saving the lives of the people when they faces huge natural or manmade disasters. Before taking the final decisions, the commander and

Discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discussions - Essay Example Aside from this, he also uses the word â€Å"come† recurrently to employ a sense of enticement, which perhaps does not just pertain to his condition while he was having this experience but also for people such as me who are reading his works to be pulled in to the story. What really works for me in the story, besides its interesting paradoxical nature, is the subtle restrain of emotions by the author. Hughes, instead of describing the sentiments of the protagonist, expounds on the surroundings of the character, mainly using verbs to push the story forward and into transition. This then makes the reader read between the lines and more sensitive to what the main character would feel given the circumstances, hence what the author really asks of his audience is to be human and to feel for the person if he or she was placed in a particular situation. Because of this, I could definitely relate to the story as I myself have experienced waiting for something that will never seem to come. Characteristically human as well, I have lied to myself and others to suppress what I am feeling inside of me. Human nature is generally paradoxical in this way: hope is simultaneously our strength and weakness. Though waiting only gives me disappointment, I still wait for something to save me; I still hope that it is coming, my salvation. The article that I have chosen has the heading â€Å"From Swine Flu to Bubonic Plague, Epidemics have always stirred Fear and Terror† by Richard Martin, a staff writer from the St. Petersburg Times. His introductory lines go: â€Å"So far, swine flu has infected fewer than 200 people, scattered across the United States. Most havent needed hospitalization. But the signs of fear are everywhere.† Many have been doing necessary, or as the writer might imply, unnecessary precautionary measures to avoid swine flu such as wearing of surgical masks in public places,

The effectiveness of leadership in organisations

The effectiveness of leadership in organisations Effective SUCCESS, LEADERSHIP and COMMUNICATION is essential for an organisation to function efficient and reach their target goals.Organistion is made up of many system that may affect and influence each other such as polices, individual actions, existing methods and external constraints Success in an organisation depends on individual and how members work in close coordination and harmony. So, in an organisation a clear success, leadership and communication strategies should be satisfying to enhance the participants skill level, productivity, and time management. Leadership development for public sector managers has developed in the past two decades, across the united king and global organisation. (Pederson Hartley, 2008). Managers capability to influence organisation participant through leadership will assist to decide the extent both them as a whole achieve their goal (Hicks gullet, 1981). The most important aspects of leadership are mission, passion, vision, leader, compassion , inspiration, motivation and commitment. A good leader in an organisation should know when a given function is necessary (Adair, 2009). Effective Communication helps to show performance feedback, influencing others, handle peoples angry and to meet up with emotional undercurrents of conservations in an organisation. Communicating to an angry individual is major problem of firms and managers face in an organisation. (Gordon, 2004) However, this critical review discussed the management of theories of success, leadership and communication in an organisation. Furthermore, illustrates the critical review of Alan Sugars opinions of success, leadership, communication in an organisation. It also helps to illustrate better methods to handle success, leadership, and communication in an organisation and management aspect. MANAGEMENT THEORIES: SUCCESS, LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNCATION 1: SUCCESS: From organisation point of view success can be analysis in four keys to success: Theory, Implementation, Evaluation, Resource/System support. These four keys of success can help give details why policies and programs may or may not accomplish the proposed results in an organisation. Theory: This is essential in order to know how to handle problem in an organisation (Anderson, 2005).According to Anderson, A Theory of Change (TOC) is an instrument to enable develop solution to complex social problems in an organisation. The TOC give details how group of early and intermediate articulates system which will occur and identifies the ways connected to achieving the desired long-term change in organisation. Also Theory of failure arises when a program depend on an invalid theory of operation and when the strategy fail to meet up the organisation certain goal. (Wandersman et al., 2005) IMPLEMENTATION: Accord to (Fixsen et al., 2005 P.5) is known as specified set of designed to put into practice an activity or program of known dimensions. Through implementation system are purposeful and implemented activity helps self-governing team to detect its presence and strength in an organisation. The value of implementation is essential accomplishing good success result.(Durlak and Dupre 2008).Also implementation failure of success is due to lack of inadequate training, inexperienced personnel and lack of recourses.(Dalton et al., 2007) EVALUATION: According to (Rossi et al 2004) describes evaluation as social science activity deals to interpreting, analyzing and communicating information with regards to workings and effectiveness programmes of success in organisation. Through evaluation decisions can carryout to enable continuity, expanding and improvement lead to success. Evaluation helps for effective management, administration and accountability in an organisation. Also Evaluation failure of success it is difficult to measure sensitive change and real effect due to poor designed and poor comparison group.(Wanderman et al., 2005). RESOURCE/SYSTEM SUPPORT: Modernization in organisation involves system support. However, quality host is essential to implement programme and strategy. System support deals with technical assistance and training that lead to success in organisation. Resources deals with successfully implementation of technical resources, fiscal resources, and human resources.(Wanderman et al.,2000). Also, System failure of success is due to absence of institutional support for an involvement while resources failure is due to insufficient facilities, lack of fund and lack of human resources to implement quality policy in organisation.(Sarason, 1982) LEADERSHIP THEORIES: Leadership is one the most essential aspect of management work and important for effective management in an organisation. Also leaders and managers helps people to reach their aims with the maximum application of its potential.(Dixon, 1991, p60-61) Leaders in an organisation are faced with certain challenges in leadership styles and managerial skills. Leadership is feature can be develop and practice. According to (Hicks gullet 1981) all theory of leadership is not certainly as correct but it is obvious that contingency theories are the mainly capable. Leadership is about mission and vision of leaders. Different theories of leadership are: GREAT MEN THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This is the early stage theory of 19th century by Thomas Carlyle a Scottish. The theory is based on the legendary leaders have to born not made. The theory describes leaders as gallant and they were born with leadership qualities. Also the theory based that great leaders can arise when there is tremendous need. (Bolden et al., 2003). CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: Fiedlers Contingency model presumes that individual performance depends on the technique of leadership in terms of task motivation and relationship motivation. (Fiedler 1964).Among all the theories, contingency theory is the only theory that centred its concept on particular variable related to the environment and has significant meaning. Also the theory focuses on situational variables that forecast effective leadership style to fit special problem in an organisation. (Bolden et al., 2003). DEMOCRATIC THEORY LEADERSHIP: This is the type of leadership that incorporate the members of the organisation in decision making and as well suggestion. This type leadership tend to encourage members dedication to the decisions and enhance the quality of decision in an organisation (Hicks gullet 1981) TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This theory focuses on the relationship between the leader and followers and may also change leader in the moral agent. In this leadership style, the follower and the leader are changed for the better. This motivates and encourage individuals and help the group to perform accurate when is used by the leaders. Transformational leadership is not based simply on power or authority, even though disagreement and power has a role to play in the dynamics of leadership (Burns, 1978). SITUATIONAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This is system where management chose a particular leadership that match a particular situation in an organisation.(Hersey Blanchard 1988)situational leadership recommend that leaders should change their styles of leadership based the maturity of the individual they are leading and aspects of task. The theory is more prescriptive and deals with intuitive appeal. (As cited by Shackleton, 1995) COMMUNICATION THEORIES: Communication theory is sample process that should work easily and efficiently and required to formulate the message clearly; using correct medium that will provide easy feedback the information (chlson et al., 2005 p207).Communication is very essential element of management. Exclusive of communication managers possibly will not accomplish their various tasks in an organisation. Communication deals with an exchange of information system and ideas in an organisation with the environment. Successful communication inside firms is very necessary and helps to connect other parts of management process. Through communications managers can carry out their other roles of controlling, planning and organizing (Dixon, 1991p84-88). Anita cited (project management institute standards committee,1996 ,p103) stated that project communication management deals with the procedure to ensure timely, storage , collection, dissemination, and crucial deposition of project information. Under the theory of communication there is intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) describes intrapersonal communication as communication within ones self, it deals with how individuals analyze others attitudes, behaviour and messages to assign meaning to a given event. (Millar 1978) defined interpersonal communication, as communication between two individuals when they are close in proximity, able to achieve immediate feedback and utilize multiple senses cited by (Dainton Zelley, 2005) UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Berger and Calabrese stated that uncertainty reduction theory explain and predict when, why and how individual use communication to minimize their doubts when interacting with one another. This is guided by three principles that states that (a) retain that the primary goal of communication is to minimize uncertainties that individuals have about the world and habitants (b) the suggest that individuals acknowledge uncertainty constantly and the acknowledge of uncertainty is an unpleasant one.(c) recommend communication as the primary medium for reducing uncertainty. This type of communication belongs to intrapersonal communication. EXPECTANCY VIOLATION THEORY: According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Burgoon stated that expectancy violation theory describes individuals attribute to the violation of personal space and also nonverbal of violations of physical space. Expectancy deals with people anticipation of what will happen on particular situation and based on idea of social norms. This type of communication theory belongs to intrapersonal communication. POLITENESS THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton zelley, 2005) cited Brown and Levinson stated that politeness theory simplifies how we manage our own and other individuals identities through interaction, by applying politeness strategies. This theory determines WHY, WHEN and how interpersonal interaction is constructed through or from absence of politeness. This type of communication belongs to interpersonal communication. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton zelley, 2005) describes this theory as a broad approach used to explain and predict relationship maintenance in an organisation. This theory is invented by Thibaut Kelly 1959.Social Exchange Theory simplifies when and why individuals constant develop some personal relationships while ending others. With regards to the name of theory suggests, an exchange approach to social relationships is much like an economy based on the comparison of costs and rewards. This theory belongs to interpersonal theory of communication. SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Stolar, 2002) describes the theory as communication process of achieving greater degrees of closeness or intimacy with another individual. This theory increases understanding of why and how some relationships become close and other relationships do not. This theory was invented by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973.This is very significance theory to research on because it gives details why people form the intimate relationships that the do and why and how this process occurs over time. This theory belongs to interpersonal communication theory. RELATIONAL DIALECTICS THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Montgomery Baxter 1996) describes relational dialectics theory as pattern of thinking about human relationships that is highly influenced by dialogic thinking. From the point of view of relational dialectics theory, a social life exists in and through peoples communicative practices, by which individual gives voice to multiple opposing tendencies.(baxter Montgomery 1996). This belongs to interpersonal communication theory. 1: (a) CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON SUCCESS From Sir Alan Sugar, secrets of success he reviews success as a keep on going process and the understanding towards your weaknesses and strengths, rather than being defensive about them. Also he said, the love of what you are doing is the key to success and recommends persistence in learning what you do, even when the going is tough. He acknowledged hard work and hunger as essential to success. Also focuses on flexibility and persistence as key to success. Finally, he mentioned willingness to learn, stamina, self-belief and enthusiasm as way of achieving his success in organisation. From my own point of view, in term of flexibility in business, during early days he engaged in many businesses such as making ginger beer, selling to neighbours and business of under developed camera films, selling to school friends. He was the chairman of the Computer Company and major in Tottenham Hotspur Football club. According to (Upton, 1994) flexibility is the capability to change or react with sma ll penalty in time, performance or effort cost. Besides that, (Mensah, 1989) describes flexibility as capability to respond and adapt to changing business condition within and outside organisation. So Sir Alan sugar was the founder Amstrad that stand as Alan Michael trading and later grown to international consumer electronics, telecommunications and Computer Empire. He pointed out rigid approach as a problem to business and recommend flexibility as the best with regards to workplace success. Furthermore, hard work and hunger was the key to secrets of success of Sir Alan because he refuse to give up, no matter how hard things are. From my understanding, dedication and perseverance are very essential to organisation. Most the successful business men have internal locus of control and hard work and ideas. Then, he commented on willingness to learn, this deals with effort and desire toward your goal. Based on his view on enthusiasm, according to (Koch,1994) stated that the most success ful individuals in business are not the most intelligent and success is all about determination, motivated and enthusiastic for cause. So enthusiasm is linked to his success. Finally, He also illustrated self -belief and stamina as essential to success. CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON LEADERSHIP: This critical review shows Sir Alan Sugar ideology of leadership and shows the strengths and weaknesses. Sir Alan describes leader as they tend born not made up and also describes leadership as having personality and charisma qualities. Besides that, for effective leadership you need to be disciplined in self -management and you have to motivate others. However, the ability to delegation in workplace and have the qualities of inspiration. From my understanding, I disagree with Sir Alan and Thomas (founder of Great man theory of leadership) that said leaders are born not made. According to (Adair, 2009) quoted, Field Marshal Lord Slim There is no nobody who cannot improve their powers of leadership by a little thought and practice. The effective level of functioning and stability can change individuals to be a leader. Also (Adair,2009) quoted, that Field Marshal Montgomery, the other ,great British born leader, was equally convinced that leadership could be developed. According to Ada ir, a young lieutenant said that, by training he increased his morale and powers to leader his platoon, and later his company. However, I believe that leadership can be developed by training and also some individual have instincts and qualities of leadership than others. From Sir Alan Sugar critical review he said, that he is great believer in making sure everyone knows what is going on and credit is given when it is due. Judging from above he applied democratic theory of leadership in his management where the employees are involves in decision making and as well suggestion. According to (Hicks Gullet 1981) stated that democratic leadership tend to encourage members dedication to the decisions and enhance the quality of decision in an organisation. (Wilcken, 2010) cited (stone Patterson, 2005) transformational leadership theory deals with progress and development and suggest individual to work together to create greater development of the organisation. Furthermore, Sir Alan acknowl edged delegation and motivation as essential to his leadership style. To be good a leader, is vital to delegate your plan properly and motivate your staffs. According to (Fiedler, 1964) Contingency theory presumes that individual performance depends on the technique of leadership in terms of task motivation and relationship motivation. Dixon (1993) cited Adair, stated that, there are variables in any work situation such as task needs, group needs and individual needs. Obviously Sir Alan Sugar exercises his task needs and group needs efficiently to achieve his business dream. According to (Dixon,1993) delegation is the heart of management process. During Sir Alan days in the company, transport section is taking most of his time; he decided to delegate it to another individual with regards to tackle most important elements. Finally, according to (Shackleton,1995) stated that charisma is essential but not sufficient component of transformational leadership. Most people like, movie star s are charismatic but have no to transformational effects on majority of follower CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON COMMUNCATION: According to Sir Alan sugar point view on communication, he describes communication essential to good leader in a workplace. He further, describes communication to be concise, precise and to the point. Besides that, he focus on facial expression and body language when pass communication. He also commented on, feedback and negotiation skills during communication. Besides through the use of e-mails Sir Alan was able to communicate his staffs. Furthermore, observed persistence and self-belief and power of silence in negotiation during communication. According to Sir Alan Sugar, to communicate well is central well if you are to be a good leader and rise to the in the organisation. This means you must be able to communicate efficiently and quickly in an organisation. (Wilcken, 2010)cited David Collinson that stated relational dialectics theory of communication , as dialectical perspective can facilitate new way of thinking about complex, shifting dynamics of leadership (p1422).However, Si r Alan said ,message need to be concise , precise at the point and this applicable using e-mail to transmit information for businesses. Based on this point, according to (Green, 2006) recent public relations communication practice focuses solely information like features, facts, brief, details to the subject and information content in your message should play a supporting role in your message, and the sum of the message. From above, uncertainty reduction theory of communication deals with when, why, and how individual use communication to minimize their doubts when interacting with one another (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Berger and Calabrese. According to Alan sugar, is essential to be watchful of your facial expression and body languages during getting the message across. However, the word communication from Latin point of view communicare means to share together. So communication challenge begins with knowing your audience needs and also you need be receptive and sensitive to ot her individuals body language. Also you to be conscious of signals and actions during transmitting message to audience. According to (Green, 2006) as cited Albert mehrabian (1972) stated the 52 per cent of information about individual from body language, while 35 per cent from their tone of voice and only 7 per cent from the words they use. Beside, in term of feedback, communication transactions are between equals and non equals, so is necessary to take of relative status of partners in the relationship and impacts on the communication (Green, 2006).so, feedback played a good role to Sir Alan management system. Then, negotiation skill is necessary, through this method Sir Alan was able to overcome problems his company and everyday life. CONCLUSION: However, good management depends upon good communication and leadership in an organisation. So, many barriers prevent good communication such as lack of clarity in message, the different background of people and lack of openness to information and suggestions. The communicator should be aware of all these barriers and implication of actions. According to (chelsom et al, 2005 p204) describes communication as critical interaction of individuals to group of people undertaking a variety of activities and most particularly to trying to coordinate their work towards a common objective. Besides, many the leadership theories concentrate almost exclusively upon the leader and follower relationship and give little attention to lateral and upward directed interaction. A quality leadership is one the most essential factors on determining the success and survival of groups and organisations. Leadership is about recognizing a goal and being to influence and motivate individual towards attaining it . Finally, to facilitate success in an organisation, there is need to select numbers potential early successes and work on them to determine the future success. REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRAPHY Adair J.(2009) Effective leadership .London, Pan MacMillan Ltd. Burns, J. M. (1978), Leadership, Harper and Row, New York, NY,. Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. and Dennison, P.(2003). A review of leadership theory and competency framework.UK Chelsom.J., Payne A., Reavil L.(2005) Management for Engineers, Scientist and Technologists: 2nd ed, England; John Wily Sons Dalton, J., Elias, M., Wandersman, A. (2007).Community psychology: Linking individuals and communities (2nd ed.).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Daiton M. Zalley E.(2005 ) Applying Communication Theory For Professional Life. USA, Sage Publication Dixon R. (1991) Management Theory and Practice. England. Calys Ltd (p84-88) Durlak, J. A., DuPre, E. P.(2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 689-708 Fiedler,F. E. (1964), A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited, pp. 149-190, New York. Academic Press. Fixsen, D. L., Naoom, S. F., Blase, K. A., Friedman, R. M., Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network. Gordon J. (2004) successful communication skill-building tool.USA, john Wiley sons,Inc p85-86 Green A. (2006) Effective Personal Communication Skills for Public Relations, Britain USA, Kogan page Hicks G. Gullett, C.(1981). Management. 4th ed. Singapore: McGraw -Hill,Inc. p477-500. Koch R.(1994) The Successful Bosss First 100 days. Britain, Pitman publishing Montgomery, B. Baxter,L. (1996). Relating:Dialogues in dialectics. New York: Guilford. Mensah, K.E. (1989), Evaluating information systems projects: a perspective on cost-benefit analysis, Information Systems, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 205-17.Available From: [ Accessed 24 November 2010] Rossi, P. , Lipsey, M. , Freeman, H. E. (2004). Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sarason, S. B.(1982).The culture of the school and the problem of change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Shackleton V. (1995). Business leadership, London, Routledge. Stolar D. (2002)Social Penetration Theory. Upton, D. (1994), The management of manufacturing flexibility, California Management Review, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 72-89.Available From: [ Accessed 24 November 2010] Wandersman, A., Goodman, R. M., Butterfoss, F. D. (2005a). Understanding Coalitions and How They Operate. In M. Minkler(Ed.), Community organizing and community building for health(2nd ed., pp. 292-313). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Wandersman, A., Imm, P., Chinman, M., Kaftarian, S. (2000). Getting to outcomes: A results-based approach to accountability. Evaluation and program planning, 23, 389-395. Project Management Institute Standards Committee., (1996). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (1996 ed.). North Carolina: PMI Publishing Division. Pederson, D. and Hartley, J. (2008), The changing context for public leadership and management: implications for role and dynamics, International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 327-39.

Masculine Desires Expressed in Art and Media Essay -- Male Masculinity

Suppose the locks to a Starbuck’s Cafà © were slowing turning to seal the doors shut from any last customers. But before the latch could roll into the opposite lock, two strangers pulled open the door and made their way inside. A sight to have seen: James Bond and Keanu Reeves. They held each a large canvas and a sculpture, respectively. Both purchased their favorite coffee drinks at the local cafà ©. Having made an exception in not closing the shop at the normal time, the employee allowed the men to enjoy their beverages inside—in the comfort of the inexplicably soft couches. The gentlemen sat and conversed about their current lives. My question is: does the adolescent worker, who is still bewildered, share a singularity with the unexpected customers, as well as with the artworks in their possession? Regardless of the hypothetical, the answer is always the same: Yes. The fictitious heroes and brave men conceived by man bear the longings and passions of their creator. In fact, it is through them that man lives vicariously. However, prior to the births of legendary characters in motion pictures and comic books, there existed artworks that introduced the public to the deepest desires of man. They portrayed his universal image: a man that is â€Å"wild at heart†. What does the action sequence of The Matrix: Reloaded have in common with a sixteenth-century sculpture? Baccio Bandinelli’s Hercules and Cacus, exemplifies the first of three desires in man. According to the legend, Hercules went on a journey to complete his tenth labor, a task of retrieving the Cattle of Geryon. Cacus, â€Å"a fire-god†¦demoted to a fire-breathing giant†, stole the cattle from the unsuspecting Hercules and hid with them in a cave. The theft launched the enemies into ... ...expresses. The three desires of man are painted and sculpted in the magazines, books, television shows, and movies of today. Society suggests the ideals and universal image of man it wants to uphold; the media engraves the information into the stone tablets of its mind. Sure, I can appreciate the sculpture of Hercules and the painting of Christ, but only because I know that I can personally relate to the artworks. I want a battle to fight, an adventure to live, and a beauty to rescue. Works Cited Eldredge, John. Wild at Heart. Tennessee: Nelson Publishing, 2001 Gladwell, Malcolm. Blink. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005 â€Å"Hercules and Cacus† Wikipedia September 25, 2006 Gospel of John BibleGateway September 25, 2006 Masculine Desires Expressed in Art and Media Essay -- Male Masculinity Suppose the locks to a Starbuck’s Cafà © were slowing turning to seal the doors shut from any last customers. But before the latch could roll into the opposite lock, two strangers pulled open the door and made their way inside. A sight to have seen: James Bond and Keanu Reeves. They held each a large canvas and a sculpture, respectively. Both purchased their favorite coffee drinks at the local cafà ©. Having made an exception in not closing the shop at the normal time, the employee allowed the men to enjoy their beverages inside—in the comfort of the inexplicably soft couches. The gentlemen sat and conversed about their current lives. My question is: does the adolescent worker, who is still bewildered, share a singularity with the unexpected customers, as well as with the artworks in their possession? Regardless of the hypothetical, the answer is always the same: Yes. The fictitious heroes and brave men conceived by man bear the longings and passions of their creator. In fact, it is through them that man lives vicariously. However, prior to the births of legendary characters in motion pictures and comic books, there existed artworks that introduced the public to the deepest desires of man. They portrayed his universal image: a man that is â€Å"wild at heart†. What does the action sequence of The Matrix: Reloaded have in common with a sixteenth-century sculpture? Baccio Bandinelli’s Hercules and Cacus, exemplifies the first of three desires in man. According to the legend, Hercules went on a journey to complete his tenth labor, a task of retrieving the Cattle of Geryon. Cacus, â€Å"a fire-god†¦demoted to a fire-breathing giant†, stole the cattle from the unsuspecting Hercules and hid with them in a cave. The theft launched the enemies into ... ...expresses. The three desires of man are painted and sculpted in the magazines, books, television shows, and movies of today. Society suggests the ideals and universal image of man it wants to uphold; the media engraves the information into the stone tablets of its mind. Sure, I can appreciate the sculpture of Hercules and the painting of Christ, but only because I know that I can personally relate to the artworks. I want a battle to fight, an adventure to live, and a beauty to rescue. Works Cited Eldredge, John. Wild at Heart. Tennessee: Nelson Publishing, 2001 Gladwell, Malcolm. Blink. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005 â€Å"Hercules and Cacus† Wikipedia September 25, 2006 Gospel of John BibleGateway September 25, 2006

Analyse the reasons why GBK can achieve higher levels of added value than McDonalds Essay

Customers are more concerned with eating healthier; and have also become increasingly more interested in the quality of food they are eating. Although they want to enjoy a burger they also want to know it’s of good quality. Unlike fast food restaurants like McDonalds, Gourmet burger Kitchen (GBK) offers this higher quality food. By offering this higher quality food it attracts customers, it also allows them to charge more as people are more willing to pay more for a better quality product than a low quality product, this therefore results in GBK achieving higher levels of added value than McDonalds due to this higher quality product. GBK offers a smarter environment than traditional fast food restaurants. This means that the level of service offered is much higher. This allows GBK to achieve a higher level of added value as they are offering something McDonalds isn’t. This is one of their unique selling points. By offering this service it allows them to charge more because the environment people are eating in is smarter, this therefore means an increase in there added value. Robert Tame, founder of fine burger company believes that â€Å"it’s not just about the product. It’s also about the environment you are presenting the burgers in† Food at GBK is considered to be healthy in comparison to the food sold at McDonalds. Customers are more concerned about eating healthier than they have been before, and GBK offers a more varied and less calorie menu. This means that GBK can achieve a higher level of added value than McDonalds because customers don’t mind paying more for something if it’s more beneficial to them than another product on the market. This therefore means that they can achieve this higher level of added value than McDonalds.

Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness The WritePass Journal

Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness INTRODUCTION Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness INTRODUCTION19th Century HousingDISCUSSIONPolitical ReformsThe Industrial ActsThe Poor LawREFERNCESRelated INTRODUCTION According to Acheson report (1988) Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness in the course of a planned hard work of the community that is the idea and the hard work of the society will concentrate policy matters at the point of the general health of the people (Orme et al., 2003). Weber described class as â€Å"a number of people who have in common a specific causal component of their life chances in so far as this component is represented exclusively by economic interest in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and is represented by under the conditions of the commodity or labour markets† (Townsend, 1974, p.128) 19th Century Housing According to Orme et al., (2003); Ineichen (1993) ; Burnett (1978) and Lambert, (2008) accommodations in the 19th century were extremely poor, overcrowded and unhygienic many homes were not properly constructed, and they were full of waterlogged and were unhealthy for human that is there were no illuminations; no airing in the house, in a typical home there were no furnishings in the individual homes, households had to share only one bed; that was mostly seven to nine individuals were sleeping in the same room and bed and the fact is these were usual practices around the time and sanitation had always been   poor since the 18th century and much poorer as the numbers of people living in the same room increased and this contributed to the distribution of infectious illness which included cholera, typhoid and typhus. Meanwhile there were no set of laws to construct a house in many cities. Building constructors usually constructed houses as they want and they mostly build a lot of properties in a single land. Several homes were back-to-backs which means the back of one house was attached to the back of the other and were often two or three rooms,   the sad thing was they were all cellar dwellings and cities such as Liverpool households stayed in cellars, which were soggy and inadequately ventilated as well as packed. Extremely poor individuals dozed on straw as they could not have the funds for beds (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993) and Cholera around that time was very contagious which led many to a serious intestinal illness the incidence of cholera was very fast which took the lives of twenty- two thousand people the warning signs were aggressive diaheohoa with vomiting led by severe pain in the arms, legs and the stomach. Persistent dehydration and fever were frequent with the s ickness and warning signs were very speedy within three to twelve hours and the skin turned dry and a cloudy navy or purple in colour whiles the individuals eyes sucked in their holes (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). Within 1848-1849 cholera took over 50, 000 – 70, 000 lives and was a major public concerned. (Orme et al., 2003; Ineichen, 1993; Burnett, 1978) Moreover, Baggott, (1998) confirmed that the early 19th century had lots of voluntary hospitals that were set up by those who gave funds to the public. The status of the voluntary hospitals were such that doctors did not have to charge for treatment with the concession of allied with the hospital, but doctors were making a living by treating the rich investors whose donations sustained the hospitals. The rich were always treated in their houses instead of the hospitals and hospitals in the 19th century were chiefly for the poor who could not have enough money for treatment. However, permission to these hospitals was very discriminative in such that the poor and the individuals with contagious illness were often refused entry since the doctors were not getting any money from them (Baggott, 1998). According to Orme et al., (2003) Ineichen, (1993) Burnett (1978)   Lambert (2008) it was a very sad moment when a member of one’s family could only be seen for a few days or hours after woken up an in 1843, Individuals could not live for more than 26 years in Liverpool, 37 years in London and 40-45 years in Surrey and many children lost their lives prior to their fifth birthday (Ineichen, 1993) and incidence of contagious illness were considered as miasma theory, which stated that illness came as a result of inhaling toxic substances which was the main focused of the Victorian public health groups, when incidence began to worsen (Ineichen, 1993). In 1832 the Royal Commission on the poor Laws were chosen as the concerns for public health rose very high with an increase in the cost of public funds which was followed by outburst of illness (Ineichen, 1993) it was not until 1840 when one Edwin Chadwick who was a famous supporter for social justice and the overall development of sanitary situations in the neighbourhood as a whole with decided to look into why there were a lot of contagious illness and according to Chadwick, the outbreak of contagious sickness were owed to poor sanitation, he recognised the fact that high levels of poverty were the grounds for individuals not being able to meet the expense of living in a cleaner environment however, individuals were really cleaning within as well as ingestion from polluted water supplies. In 1840, Chadwick had a strong-willed that something had to be done by investigating on his own. By 1842 Chadwick who was the Commissioner to the Poor Law ultimately issued a statement on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. The statement accused the poor sanitation and overcrowded homes as the cause of illness. Chadwick assumed that the awfully standard of living of the poor gave way to the prevalence of illness; therefore he made careful observation on the way of life of individuals. Chadw ick’s came up with   a conclusion that the poor sanitary condition was the cause of illness in the community but his analysis also   he made it know that a well developed procedures must be in place so as to resolve the lives of the un-wealthy individuals in the society and the procedures were to   run   sufficient drainage and water systems. Chadwick also added that all refuse must not be stored in homes and roads so as to reduce the spread of illness in the community (Ineichen, 1993). It was not until the hub of 1800s when one physician John Snow , who was managing the incidence of cholera in Broadgate which was a poor suburb in London assessed the effect of the illness from one area to another and made it known that drinking from polluted water was the cause of the incidence of illness such as Cholera rather than inhaling polluted scent from the atmosphere and as a result, a new legislation was passed when Chadwick revealed his 1842 report which made it clear that poor standard of living were the cause of the major incidence of illnesses in town which led majority of people to be occupied in cellars as a result of   the government driven them out of their homes in 1851   to stop overcrowded (Orme et al., 2003; Ineichen, 1993; Burnett, 1978; Lambert, 2008). Many men groups named Paving Commissioners or Improvement commissioners were set up with the rights to tile, sanitary and illuminate the roads but in those times England was separated into parishes therefore the Commissioners merely had rights over specific parishes ( Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). However in the 19th century many new houses were constructed which expanded to other parishes where the commissioners had no rights in the new neighbourhood their roads were normally untilled with no lights on the streets. They had no drainage systems and when it rained roads curved into sludge. Individuals were splashing unclean water in the roads which left stagnant on the roads, toilets outside the homes and were normally used by more addresses, there were usually long lines especially on Sunday mornings to use the toilets (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). DISCUSSION In the nineteenth century the living condition of the British civilization was extremely poor (Rose, 1982) take home pay per every individual was  £45 in 1900 and  £57 pounds in 1938. Many individuals who were able to work fell into poverty at some point of their lives and poverty was considered as part of the civilization. Even individuals with the maximum paid could come across in a time of work dejection. As work was very difficult to come by even if you were desperate and determined to do so. Even an artisan at some point had to depend on the incomes of children, help from friends, or borrowed money from neighbouring tradesmen so as to make ends meet before things get better. A bigger percentage of the British population straggled to make ends meet and their level of poverty were more constant even if it was not everlasting one (Rose, 1982), that is pauperism and misery was considered as a collective problem but not poverty. Later in the 19th century plans were made to reconstruct the public health professionals were allotted and assisted to develop the drainage systems, accommodations and roads. Individuals started to realise about the effects of good hygiene. Florence Nightingale went on an assignment to develop hospital environments whiles Joseph Lister also revealed that many contagious illnesses came as a result of unsterile instruments used in surgery therefore he started cleaning apparatus after surgery this reduced the number of contagious deaths during surgery operation from 60% to 4% since then individuals were able to live longer after discovery of personal hygiene. . The public sector had the biggest share of hospital Political Reforms According to Lambert (2008) the Tory regime was set up in 1822 which then initiated a number of reforms at that moment, individuals could be suspended for more than 200 crimes however in 1825-1828 the life sentenced was eradicated for than 180 offences. The Industrial Acts Lambert (2008) has confirmed that an industry is termed as an environment where over fifty individuals are engaged with the aim of developing a mass product or material. The industrial revolution formed a unique order for women and child labour. Children were always working together with their families but prior to the 19th century children normally did part time work in fabric industries with women and were usually asked to do lengthy hours normally 12 hours or more in a day. The government was aware of the problem and in 1819 a law was passed to make illegitimate for children less than nine years of age to be employed in fabric industries. On the other hand the law was not very effective as there were no assessors to monitor the industries for unlawful children working. Therefore in 1833 a new law was passed for supervisors to monitor the fabric industries to stop children below the age of nine from labouring in the fabric industries. Children who were aged nine to thirteen were al so not permitted to do more than twelve hour shift a  Ã‚   day or more than 48 hours within seven days and Children aged thirteen to eighteen were also not to do more than 69 hours within seven days. Moreover no one below the aged of eighteen was permitted to do late night shift that is between 8.30 in the evening to 5.30 in the morning but within 1844 another act passed to disallow female from doing more than twelve hour shift within 24 hours which also decreased the minimum working age for operating in the fabric industries but in 1847 females and children were stopped from doing over ten hour shift within twenty four hours in the fabric industries. In addition to the reforms, in 1850 the law was modified to permit females to work for ten and halve hours a day meanwhile fabric industries were not to be operated for more twelve hours within twenty four hours a day and every employee together with men, were authorized to take one and half hours for meal breaks however,   In 1867 the law was expanded to all industries not only fabric industries however the1878 Factory Act explained an industry as any environment where equipment are used in processing materials. Moreover, in 1842 Miners Act was passed which prohibited females and children below the aged of ten from going underground to do mining work(Lambert, 2008). At the middle of 1860s the ten hour shift a day was very normal, but not worldwide. In sweated industries for instance manufacturing of matchboxes and fasten and individuals were getting more wages for ever single they completed many were working from their residence and usually worked from sunrise till sundown to make ends meet. All the same in 1871 bank holidays were formed and In the 1870s a number of professional employees were assigned an annual seven day vacation with pay. (Although it was not until 1939 that everybody had annual paid holidays) but in 1890s it was general for most individuals to have the weekends to rest especially Saturday afternoon(Lambert, 2008). Trade Unions in the 19th Century Between the 1799 and 1800 the regime conceded the Combination Acts, which prohibited men from doing more than two jobs so as to make more earnings but in 1824, the combination acts were abolished but it was still not certain whether trade unions were officially authorized to make laws and was not until 1871 that trade unions were certainly made lawful. Moreover, In the 1850s and 1860s qualified employees created temperate trade unions named New Model Unions which employees had to make donations towards the union and in turned received illness and job loss benefits and the New Model Unions were devoted and regarded as highly professionals who tried to consult instead of thump it was not until 1868 when TUC was established (Lambert, 2008).. Moreover, in the late 19th century unqualified employees started to structure an influential trade union and in 1888 one Annie Besant tried to arrange a thump between females who toiled in Bryant and May industries to produce matches the reason was that the girls were getting low wages from working with them and experienced a sickness named phossy jaw which comes as a result of operating with phosphorous. The strike went well and the companies were asked to increase their wages and in 1889 the girls created a trade union to protect their rights at work (Lambert, 2008). Meanwhile In March 1889 individuals working for Gas companies and common Labourers also created a union whiles on the 14th August 1889 employees from the Great London Dock also had an achievable thump for five weeks for increase in pay (Lambert, 2008) Professional employees occupied in through addresses, as the name implies it means one can stroll through them from front to back. Meanwhile in the 1840s town councils started to make enforcements on houses. Cellar houses were prohibited and the style back-to-backs could not be constructed anymore but it was not viable to destroy and restore them all at ago. It took many years and many were still occupying in back-to-backs in the 20th century (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978). Still at the beginning of the 19th century toilets were usually cesspits, which were not regularly drained and from time to time spilled over while urine could leak through the floor into holes from which individuals got drinking water. This led to the spread of contagious illness such as cholera in many cities in the1831-32, 1848-49, 1854 and 1865-66 and in 1848 a Public Health Act was imposed. The act made it obligatory to structure local Boards of Health in towns and where the annual mortality rate will surpass 23 per 1,000 or if 10% of the population wanted it. Local Boards of Health could claim that all new homes get waste pipes and toilets. They would also arrange a water supply, street cleaning and waste collection. And In 1875 a Public Health Act was reinforced over the old acts where every local authority were asked to nominate Medical Officers of Health who would be responsible for taking legal action over individuals who sold polluted food or drink which was unclean to be utilized by individuals and local councils were made compulsory to offer waste collection (Lambert, 2008). Town councils started to make public parks available and a lot were approved by-laws, which set down the least standards for new homes. However in the 1860s and 1870s sewers were dug in many big towns and In the 1870s water supplies were installed in many towns which led to much better and hygienic environment at the later part of the 19th century than earlier stage whiles in 1875 the Artisans Dwellings Act was conceded, which enabled councils the right to destroy poor areas but authorization to destroy huge range poor areas could not start until the 20th century. (Lambert, 2008) Also in the middle of the 19th century the standard of living grew up. And by and by homes developed bigger. And In the end of the   19th century two-up, two-downs were frequently seen that is homes with double bedrooms with a kitchen and front room and   most professional workers   occupied in addresses with three bedrooms. Meanwhile at the later part of the 19th century very few poor households were still occupying in only a single room (Lambert, 2008) The Poor Law In 1792 well known magistrates met at Speenhamland in Berkshire and formulated a scheme for helping the poor. Minimum salaries were added to cash heaved by a poor charge. Several neighbourhoods of England implemented the scheme but it beard out to be very costly and the government however determined to make some amendments. In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act was conceded. In future the poor were to be handled as unkindly as possible to discourage them from getting aid from the country. In future able bodied people with no income were to be forced to enter a workhouse. (In practice some of the elected Boards of Guardians sometimes gave the unemployed outdoor relief i.e. they were given money and allowed to live in their own homes). For the unfortunate people made to enter workhouses life was made as unpleasant as possible. Married couples were separated and children over 7 were separated from their parents. The inmates were made to do hard work like breaking stones to make roads or breaking bones to make fertiliser. The poor called the new workhouses bastilles (after the infamous prison in Paris) and they caused much bitterness. However as the century went on the workhouses gradually became more humanitarian (Lambert, 2008). REFERNCES Ashforth, D., Digby, A., Duke, F., Flinn, W.M., Fraser, D., McCord, N., Paterson, A., Rose, E.M. (1976) the new poor Law in the Nineteenth Century Macmillan: London Baggott, R. (1998) Health and Health care in Britain (2nd Ed) Macmillan: Basingstoke Burnett, J. (1978) a Social History of Housing 1815-1970 David and Charles: Vermont Englander, D. (1998) Poverty and poor Law Reform in 19th Century Britain, 1834-1914 From Chadwick to Booth Longman: London Ineichen, B. (1993) Homes and Health: How Housing and health interact Chapman hall: London Lambert, T (2008) England in the 19th Century www.localhistories.org/19thcentengland.html(accessed 23.03.11) Orme, J. Powell, J. Taylor, P. Harrison, T. and Grey, M. (2003) Public Health for the 21st Century: New Perspectives on policy, participation and practice Open University press: London Rose, E.M. (1982) Studies in Economic and Social History: The Relief of poverty 1834-1914 Macmillan: London Townsend, P. (1974) the Concept of Poverty Heinemann: London

Neutralisation reaction essays

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