Censorship Is A Way Of Regulating Information - 877 Words

Censorship Censorship is a way of regulating and examining various forms of media available to the general public. It occurs in different contexts, including books, films, art plays, radios, television programs, news, internet and communications. Censorship can be achieved by prior restraint, which consists of licensing system where a work has to be submitted before publication or court injunction prohibiting dissemination of information (Cohen 11). This type of censorship prevents certain materials from being published. On the other hand, censorship can also be achieved by suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive (Cohen 11). This indicates that censorship can be practiced in different forms and it can occur either before or after a work’s publication. According to Mark Cohen â€Å"Censorship in Canadian literature†, a censor is one who exercises official supervision over morals and conduct (3). There is always a driving factor behind censorship. One might argue that censors want to control the minds of young, because students who read might learn to think and question them. This might be taken as a tool of government control over its citizens. Throughout history censorship has become an enemy of freedom and democracy (Cohen 5). However according to article 19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights; â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† (United Nations). The First Amendment of the United States Constitution alsoShow MoreRelatedInternet Censorship and Government Regulation Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagespeople bring up is that whether or not the government should regulate information on the internet. Both sides have valid points which form a reasonable argument. Some p eople would say that they need to because of the dangers lurking around in the cyber world but the reasons for why the government shouldn’t regulate the Internet outnumber the reasons for why they should. The federal government should not regulate or censor information on the internet because doing so violates the first amendment and citizen’sRead More Censorship in American Schools Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesCensorship in American Schools You may not realize this but our government plays a large role in governing what sort of information America’s children are exposed to. The average American child receives the majority of their knowledge and education from school, so the information that is allowed to be taught is a very delicate and controversial issue. Literature is often altered or banned from public schools and libraries because they contain of vulgar language, excessive violence, or connotationsRead MoreCensorship in the US Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Internet. Others believe that it is the parent’s responsibility to control and censor what their children are watching on the Internet and television. Censorship is the suppression of publishing information on the Internet or television (Naik). The government blocks only the content that is proved to be unfit for the public. Censorship is only used to a certain extent in the United States of America, but it is much more widespread in other parts of the world. Many people argue that the FirstRead MoreDo Internet Service Providers Have a Responsibility to Regulate the Content That Is Available on the World Wide Web? Is the Presence and Ease of Availability of Pornography to the General Public a Tribute to Free Speech1116 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years, society has found ways to record sexual experiences via paint, print, film and with recent technology, the Internet. Society has used every technological step forward to portray the sexual act. With each step forward this has increased the pornography forum to a broader audience. This audience is being propelled by a powerful urge to see images of sex. Nowadays pornography and t he Internet, go hand in hand. However who is regulating this material, the website companies want to makeRead MoreCensorship Of The World Wide Web1326 Words   |  6 Pages We live in the age of information, a world that has now been largely digitalized. The World Wide Web is the central component of our era, as it allows people across the globe to share and receive information in an instance. It used to take months before a letter from China could reach the U.S, now it just takes a second with E-Mail. This fast pace information processing has allowed human society to move forward with unprecedented speed, but it also raises many concerns for government authoritiesRead MoreInternet Censorship And The Internet941 Words   |  4 Pageslosing that freedom to government control in the form of Internet censorship. The arguments for and against Internet censorship are equally important and relevant. That is why it is important to remember that Internet censorship and surveillance is never justified, regardless of the issue it is meant to tackle. The arguments regarding this issue range from social issues, like stopping the distribution of child pornography or regulating gambling websites, to political issues, technological, economicRead MoreThe Censorship Of The Government In The Chinese Government1070 Words   |  5 Pagesclosed off to democratic societies. The Chinese government has successfully blocked out information such as the Taiwanese Independence and information of about the 1989 killings in Tiananmen Square (Rauhala 2016). They believe that this creates a â€Å"healthy internet† however this policy only impedes free speech. They believe that this creates a â€Å"healthy internet† however this policy only impedes free speech. The censorship of people was the ultimate goal of the legislation and while they have hired millionsRead MorePosition Paper: Censorship1391 Words   |  6 Pages Every structured society has suffered from some form of censorship of literature, art, or entertainment. Plato, the famous the famous Greek philosopher, was the first to record a method of censorship in a democratic society. In his Republic one of the first guidelines Plato designates is that The first thing will be to establish a censorship of the writers of fiction, and let the censors receive any tale of fiction which is good, and reject the bad; and we will desire mothers and nurses to tellRead MoreCensorship Filters The Media Within The World1574 Words   |  7 PagesDoes censorship filter the media within the world? Censorship has followed the free expressions of men and women like a shadow throughout history. Censorship is a way to filter the media in the world by suppressing unacceptable viewings or hearings by not showing, bleeping out, and covering the distasteful parts. In ancient societies, China for example, censorship was considered a logical tool for regulating the political and moral life of the population. The term censor can be traced to the officeRead MoreSummary Of The Cultural Logic Of Media Convergence1469 Words   |  6 Pagestopics such as regulating media content, there is much up to debate about who is responsible for responding to this culture change. While companies and brands can decide how much to regulate their content to an audience, ultimately the most responsibility is in the involvement of official government agencies. Jenkins mentions specifically the debate regarding the FCC’s actions around these restrictions. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC, for short) is responsible for regulating interstate and

Children With Child Abuse And Neglect - 877 Words

There are different types of programs that are available for youth and families where child abuse and neglect is apparent. Such programs that are available for young people and non-offending family members are Forensic Interviews, Family Services, Therapy Counseling, and Prevention Education. Other programs are available in different areas for families where youth are showing different types of outcries to help non-offending family members and the child get the help that is needed for several of reasons. Such other programs are that which is similar to as a residential treatment program. Each state has programs that are set up in dealing with the crisis of child abuse and neglect. Each state across the nation is looking into the different program in which they have and how the programs need to be adjusted so that the needs of the children and families are a better fit. Through the different programs that have been set up, some states have seen some improvements in the programs for child abuse and neglect while other state’s are seeing failures for the different programs. Through the research on the various programs, some states are seeing a decline in how many youth is having issues after becoming adults with going into the corrections system. While other states are not only seeing a rise on how many children are entering the state s custody due to child abuse and neglect, but the young people are going into the corrections system as adults. With some states seeing aShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1670 Words   |  7 PagesChild Abuse and N eglect Are you a child being abused by your parent? Do you need help? Why would any parent do that to their child or children? Child abuse is common, there are many different kinds of abuse. Most of the abuse occurs within the family. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse such as, emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars on the children (Smith, M.A, Segal). Studies have shown thatRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse and Neglect Tracy Vargas Arizona State University Child Abuse and Neglect In 2002 child protective service (CPS) agencies investigated more than 2.6 million reports of alleged child abuse and neglect (Harder, 2005, p. 1). The topic I have selected for this paper is child abuse and neglect. In this paper I will provide information of the findings for four different articles, I will include results provided by each article, finding similarities or dissimilarities. TheRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children924 Words   |  4 PagesChildren get abused and die everyday of abuse and neglect. In 2005 1,460 died throughout the year of child abuse or neglect. The majority of kids who get abused are mostly 3 years or younger (77 percent ). The United States has one of the worst records, losing on average of 3-7 kids everyday to child abuse or neglect. Throughout the year there are referrals to the state child protective services that involve 6.6 million children, and about 3.2 million of the children are subject to an investigatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Negl ect Of Children1291 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse and neglect are highly contested concepts, underpinned by and subject to a range of political and cultural factors particular to the society in which they occur. Therefore, child abuse and neglect are not phenomena that lend themselves to easy definition or measurement (Corby, 2006:79). This means that child abuse or neglect cannot be defined unless we take the cultural context into consideration, for what is considered to be abusive or neglectful in one society could be acceptable inRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1400 Words   |  6 PagesChild Abuse and Neglect Child abuse and neglect refers to any way in which someone harms a child. It also includes neglecting to protect a child from harm, potential harm, or allowing a child to witness violence or abuse to others. Harm to the child may or may not be intended. Children of abuse often have no one to turn to for help. Children often feel shame about their abuse or fear their abuser. The abuser may have threatened the child if he or she tells anyone about the abuse. It is up to adultsRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the time I was a little girl, I’ve wanted a child. I always loved getting new toy baby dolls, and being able to take care of them as if they were really my children. Now, at age seventeen, I still can’t wait to be a mother. I’ve always promised myself that when I have a child of my own, he or she would be my top priority and I would love him or her with everything I have. Because of this mindset, it breaks my heart when I see or hear about children being abused and neglected by their parents. AccordingRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay944 Words   |  4 Pages Everyday, approximately 5 children die from abuse and neglect. Child abuse is when a child is physically injured or sexually abused. Sadly, there are many different forms of child abuse and neglect. There is physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, substance abuse, and emotional abuse. This abuse is very well known but most people don t realize that the people around you could be in that situation. Imagine being a young child, old enough to understand right from wrong, being abused and having toRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay2663 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"There were 3.5 million reports of child maltreatment in the United States involving more than six million children† (Children’s Rights, 2014). In this paper, I will be talking about the various aspects of child abuse and neglect. A report of child abuse and neglect happens every ten seconds here in the United States. I thought about this idea for my paper because I have seen somebody in my family who suffered child abuse. I also thought about it because I used to work at a gymnastics center andRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1486 Words   |  6 PagesChild Abuse Child abuse and neglect is a really big problem in our society. Child abuse is physical maltreatment or sexual molestation of a child. Child abuse can also be emotional which in most cases people don’t notice it unless the child speaks up about it and tells an adult to get help. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Children, Youth Families, Child Maltreatment 2000, about three million children in America were involved in child abuse and neglectRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1846 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, children have been subjected to extensive abuse and neglect including but not limited to physical, sexual and psychological abuse and neglect alongside being provided with little to no rights. To combat this, individual states within our nation initiated Child Abuse reporting laws starting in 1963 which quickly spread throughout the nation. However, these laws oftentimes failed to adequately address and tr eat the extensive instances of child abuse and neglect due to lack of support

Us Postal Service †Insolvency Free Essays

The United States Postal Service: At the Brink of Insolvency Business 510 – Managerial Economics Final Project Submission February 25, 2012 Executive Summary this report takes a look at the United States Postal Service financial problems, which brought it to the brink of insolvency, after losing more than $25B in the last 5 years. It analyzes factors and performance and postulates corrective actions to bring USPS back to financial solvency. Both microeconomic and macroeconomic factors affecting the firm were analyzed while identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. We will write a custom essay sample on Us Postal Service – Insolvency or any similar topic only for you Order Now USPS products and services demonstrate its strengths with its monopoly of the mailing industry and as a government franchise with an open line of credit with the Federal Financing Bank of up to $15B. Weaknesses include lack or very little diversity in its products and services, very restrictive delivery schedules and mandated large delivery points. Opportunities for USPS include increasing its product diversity taking advantage of the internet and other developing technologies it can use to improve its operating expenses. USPS is also experiencing external and internal threats. One of these threats is the wider acceptance of digital technology especially with the internet and email, smartphones and mobile internet, skyrocketing operating costs and inability to make timely changes and responses to mitigate continued losses without having to go through the Postal Regulatory Commission and Congress. In view of this, USPS is recommended to take a multi-prong approach to improve its revenues by increasing product pricing with its shipping services while staying competitive, using the theory of price elasticity of demand to appropriately price its mailing services and diversifying its products. Reduce operating costs by reducing numbers of employees, improving its fleet of vehicles to more fuel efficient vehicles or using alternate energy and also by reducing managed facilities and delivery schedules. And finally USPS needs to request Congress to give it authority to effect price changes resulting from out-of-the-ordinary changes in cost of fuel and other materials and resources used in fulfilling its mandate of providing a fundamental postal service to the nation. Overview Establishment and General Business Description Article 1, Section 8, clause 7 of the United States Constitution establishes the U. S. Postal Service. The current post office organization is operating under the provisions of the Postal Reorganization Act of July 1, 1971 designating the US Postal Service (USPS) as an independent establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States. The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act, Public Law 109-435 made further revisions and the governing statute is codified in Title 39 of the United States Code. The same public law created the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) bestowing the PRC with regulatory and oversight obligations in the management and operation of the U. S. Postal Service (USPS Annual 10-K Report, 2011). The mandate of the USPS is to offer a â€Å"fundamental postal service† to the entire nation at fair and reasonable rates approved by Congress. This mandate is fulfilled by offering different level of mailing and shipping services throughout the country. As of September 30, 2011, total employees number to 557,251 career employees, down 4. 6% from the year before of 583,908 and 88,700 non-career employees (Annual Report to Congress, 2011). More than 85% of career employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements through one of the following four management organizations: American Postal Workers Union (APWU), National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC), National Postal Mail Handlers (NPMHU) and National Rural Letter Carriers (NRLCA). Products and Services The United States Postal Service divides their services into two broad categories: Market dominant mailing services and competitive shipping services. Mailing services include First Class Mail, Standard Mail, Periodicals and Package Services. Shipping Services include but not limited to Priority Mail, Express Mail, Bulk, Parcel Post and Bulk International Mail. Mailing services have set floor prices but generally doesn’t have any set ceiling price up to the allowed maximum size and weight limits (usually 70 pounds for each package). The same holds true for shipping services. All these services are offered through a network of more than 32,000 Post Offices, stations and branches, plus thousands of contract post units, Community Post Offices, Village Post Offices, retail establishments selling postage stamps and other services including the internet, www. sps. com. Additional services offered are sale of Postal Money Orders, leasing of Post Office boxes and sale of post cards or greeting cards. International mail and package services are also available to more than 190 countries (Annual Report to Congress, 2011). The current First-Class Mail stamp costs $0. 45 increased 2. 1% starting in January 2012 that was announc ed in October 18, 2011. Postal Service Mail pricing is set by the Board of Governors and approved by the PRC. Shipping services pricing is set by law covering both the institutional costs allocation and attributable costs. The institutional cost allocation is determined by the PRC and is currently set at 5. 5%. Thus the shipping cost is the sum of 5. 5% institutional costs (comparable to transaction costs) and attributable cost, representing the direct cost of the mailing or shipping services based from the weight and size of the package (USPS Annual 10-K Report, 2011). Current Financial Statement For the fiscal year ending September 30, 2011, the United States Postal Service reported a net loss of $5. 067B from their operation, an improvement compare to the previous year’s loss of $8. 505B. This is despite a reduction of 4. % in the number of its career employees from 583,908 to 557,251 (USPS Annual 10K Report, 2011). Just like any other private businesses, the USPS was also greatly impacted by the global economy especially the deep and prolonged economic recession of 2008. Additionally, with improvement in technology, wider availability of internet broadband services, lower cost of personal co mputers, prevalent use of online banking and also surge in offering of online funds transfers, which not only offers convenience and speed but virtually free, has directly compete and won over some of the mailing services of the USPS. Mail volume deliveries have decreased by 5% in the last two years, 2011 and 2010 and the year before, in 2009, the decrease was a staggering 12. 8% (USPS Annual 10K Report, 2011). The expansion of mobile internet coupled with smart phones will only worsen USPS declining mail volume in the future. Finally, one of the biggest operating expenses of USPS besides transportation costs and plant equipment and facilities is employee wages and retiree benefits. USPS employment costs makes up approximately 80% of its total operating costs (Kosar, 2012). Employee wages and retiree benefits costs are significantly impacted by wage inflation, health benefit premium increases, retirement and workers’ compensation programs, and cost-of-living allowances. In the last 5 years, the USPS suffered a total net loss of more than $25 billion including $21 billion of expenses for the pre-funding of the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits Fund (PSRHBF) mandated by Public Law 109-435 (USPS Annual 10K Report, 2011). USPS current total debt as of September 2011 is at $13B which is only $2B from its statutory limit of $15B set by 39 U. S. C 2005(a) (Kosar, 2012). Financial statements reported to Congress for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2011: Years ended Sept. 30, 2011Percent change from preceding year (dollars in millions) 2011 2010 2009 2011 2010 2009 Operating revenue $ 65,711 67,052 $ 68,090 (2. 0%) (1. 5%) (9. 1%) Operating expenses * $ 70,634 $ 75,426 $ 71,830 (6. 4%) 5. 0% (7. 6%) Loss from operations $ (4,923) $ (8,374) $ (3,740) Operating margin (7. 5%) (12. 5%) (5. 5%) Net loss $ (5,067) $ (8,505) $ (3,794) Purchases of capital $ 1,190 $ 1,393 $ 1,839 (14. 6%) (24. 3%) (7. %) Property and equipment Debt $ 13,000 $ 12,000 $ 10,200 Interest expense $ 172 $ 156 $ 80 Capital contributions of $ 3,132 $ 3,132 $ 3,087 U. S. Government Deficit since reorganization $ (22,072) $ (17,005) $ (8,500) Total net deficiency $ (18,940) $ (13,873) $ (5,413) Number of career employees 557,251 583,908 623,128 (4. 6%) (6. 3%) (6. 0%) Mail volume (pieces in millions) 167,934 170,860 176,744 (1. 7%) (3. 3%) (12. 8%) New delivery points served 636,530 739,580 923,595 *P. L. 112-33 had a net impact of a $5. 5 billion reduction of expenses in 2011. P. L. 111-68 had a net impact of a $4. 0 billion reduction of expense in 2009. Graphical representation of USPS operating revenues and expenses from FY 2004 – FY 2011 Market Structure Monopoly Salvatore D. (2012) defined a monopoly market as â€Å"an organization in which a single firm sells a product for which there are no close substitutes† (p. 388). And of the four sources of monopoly cited (Salvatore, p. 390) is one established by a government franchise like the United States Postal Service. Not all of USPS products and services are monopolized. USPS monopoly is only in their mailing service referring to as its â€Å"dominant mailing service†. No other delivery service company in the industry is allowed to deliver mail. And this includes delivery service companies like UPS and FedEx. Mailing services includes First Class Mail, Standard Mail, Periodicals and Package Services. The USPS’s has monopoly over letter delivery, mailbox monopoly and the ability to suspend the delivery in certain areas. It enforces this monopoly with its armed postal inspectors who can conduct searches and seizures if it suspects breach of its monopoly. The only exceptions to this monopoly are â€Å"letters accompanying cargo† and â€Å"letters of the carrier† (interoffice correspondence) including bicycle messengers and overnight deliveries (Giddens, 2003). Monopolistic Competition Is defined, â€Å"as the form of market organization wherein there are many sellers of a heterogeneous or differentiated product and entry into and exit from the industry are rather easy in the long run† (Salvatore, D. , p. 396). Although the United State Postal Service does have a monopoly on â€Å"mailing services† it however does not have monopoly over â€Å"shipping services† which it shares with FedEx and UPS. However, this non-monopolized â€Å"shipping service† cannot be classified as â€Å"Monopolistic Competitive† market as there are only few sellers offering the products or services. Additionally, the same products and services are basically homogeneous. Instead it is classified as an oligopolistic market. Oligopoly Is defined, â€Å"as the form of market organization in which there are few sellers of a homogeneous or differentiated product† (Salvatore, D. , p. 412). Products and services offered by the U. S. Postal Service in its â€Å"Shipping Services† division is classified as an oligopoly market. It shares this â€Å"shipping services† market with United Parcel Service and FedEx. With very few firms in the shipping industry, all three (USPS, UPS, and FEDEX) seems to operate more like interdependence firms rather than rivalries. This is evidence by the collaborating services of USPS and UPS called â€Å"UPS Basic† while the one between USPS and FEDEX is called â€Å"SmartPost†. This interdependency operation between these three firms mutually benefits all parties. Although it may look like USPS is getting the shorter end of the deal, but by conducting an incremental analysis it will show USPS is just actually synergizing its required mandate of providing fundamental postal services. On the other hand, UPS and FEDEX benefit also from the consolidation by sharing their â€Å"not so profitable† area of their shipping services to USPS to ensure continued services to their customers and at the same time customer loyalty. Competition and Alliances There are a number of communications media competing for the same types of transactions and communications in the mailing and delivery services industry. These include newspapers, telecommunications, televisions, e-mail, social networking and online electronic funds transfers. For the shipping services intense competition is offered by United Parcel Service and FedEx Corporations (USPS Annual 10K Report, 2011), although at the same time these two competitors are also its alliances as described above. United Parcel Service (UPS) Financial comparison Below is UPS’s financial statement for the last three years 2008 to 2010. Comparing U. S. Post Office 2010 and 2009 annual total revenues, UPS’s 2010 is only 73. 2% to that of the U. S. Post Office while its 2009 revenue is only 66. 53% to that of the U. S. Post Office. This is proof positive even though the U. S. Postal Office is generally a local national firm, it has larger revenue than a multinational firm like UPS. However, when comparing operating expenses the U. S. Post Office edges UPS by a very large margin. U. S. Post Office total operating expenses of $75. 426B for 2010 more than doubles UPS’ $31. 989B. And for 2009, U. S. Post Office’s total operating expenses of $71. 83B dwarfs UPS’ $31. 692B! While UPS posted a Net income of $3. 488B and $2. 152B in 2010 and 2009 respectively, the U. S. Post Office posted a Net Loss of $8. 374B and $3. 74B in the same years. Income Statement All numbers in thousands Period EndingDec 31, 2010Dec 31, 2009Dec 31, 2008 Total Revenue 49,545,000 45,297,000 51,486,000 Cost of Revenue11,682,000 9,804,000 11,878,000 Gross Profit 37,863,000 35,493,000 39,608,000 Operating Expenses Research Development- – – Selling General and 30,197,000 29,945,000 32,412,000 Administrative Non Recurring- – – Others1,792,000 1,747,000 1,814,000 Total Operating Expenses- – – Operating Income or Loss 5,874,000 3,801,000 5,382,000 Income from Continuing Operations Total Other Income/3,000 10,000 75,000 Expenses Net Earnings Before 5,877,000 3,811,000 5,457,000 Interest and Taxes Interest Expense354,000 445,000 442,000 Income Before Tax5,523,000 3,366,000 5,015,000 Income Tax Expense2,035,000 1,214,000 2,012,000 Minority Interest- – – Net Income From3,488,000 2,152,000 3,003,000 Continuing Ops Non-recurring Events Discontinued Operations- – – Extraordinary Items- – – Effect Of Accounting Changes- – – Other Items- – – Net Income 3,488,000 2,152,000 3,003,000 Preferred Stock And Other Adjustments- – – Net Income Applicable3,488,000 2,152,000 3,003,000 To Common Shares Product and Services comparison UPS products and services are homogenous to U. S. Post Office products and services with the exception of mailing services in the United States. UPS is basically a package delivery company (shipping services) providing transportation, logistics and financial services in the United States and in other 220 countries. It also provides letter and document delivery but only those considered time constraint delivery exempted by the U. S. Post Office from its mailing service monopoly. Unlike the U. S. Post Office â€Å"shipping services†, UPS operates internationally thus providing import and export logistic services throughout the world. It also provides various technology solutions for automated shipping, visibility, billing, distribution centers (to various industries like healthcare), technology, retail/consumer and a portfolio of financial services. FedEx Financial comparison Below is FEDEX’s financial statement for the last three years 2009 to 2011. Comparing U. S. Post Office 2011 and 2010 annual total revenues, FEDEX’s 2011 is only approximately 59. 81% to that of the U. S. Post Office while its 2010 revenue is only approximately 51. 80% to that of the U. S. Post Office. Just like with UPS, FEDEX annual revenue is just barely a little over half of the U. S. Post Office annual revenue. However, U. S. Post Office Operating Expenses more than triples FEDEX annual operating expenses hence resulting in huge annual Net Loss to the U. S. Post Office while FEDEX posted a Net Income of $1. 52B and $1. 184B in 2011 and 2010 respectively. Income Statement All numbers in thousands Period EndingMay 31, 2011May 31, 2010May 31, 2009 Total Revenue 39,304,000 34,734,000 35,497,000 Cost of Revenue14,266,000 11,908,000 12,672,000 Gross Profit 25,038,000 22,826,000 22,825,000 Operating Expenses Research Development- – – Selling General and20,59 8,000 18,852,000 18,899,000 Administrative Non Recurring89,000 18,000 1,204,000 Others1,973,000 1,958,000 1,975,000 Total Operating Expenses- – – Operating Income or Loss 2,378,000 1,998,000 747,000 Income from Continuing Operations Total Other Income/(27,000)(25,000)15,000 Expenses Net Earnings Before2,351,000 1,973,000 762,000 Interest And Taxes Interest Expense86,000 79,000 85,000 Income Before Tax2,265,000 1,894,000 677,000 Income Tax Expense813,000 710,000 579,000 Minority Interest- – – Net Income From1,452,000 1,184,000 98,000 Continuing Ops Non-recurring Events Discontinued Operations- – – Extraordinary Items- – – Effect Of Accounting Changes- – – Other Items- – – Net Income 1,452,000 1,184,000 98,000 Preferred Stock And Other Adjustments- – – Net Income Applicable To1,452,000 1,184,000 98,000 Common Shares Product and Services comparison FEDEX product and services are also similar to UPS and with USPS’s shipping services. Its services are divided into four segments: FEDEX Express, FEDEX Ground, FEDEX Freight and FEDEX Services. FEDEX Express, Ground and Freight generally deals with domestic and international shipping services while FEDEX Service provides sales, marketing , administrative, information technology and customer service support services including copying and digital printing services. Economic Factors Macroeconomic Factors Unemployment and recession The greatest recession in U. S. history since World War II was declared to have started as early as December 2007 and officially over by June 2009 per National Bureau of Economic Research (Beatty, A, Sept 2010). During the start of the recession, unemployment was at a 5. 0% (Dec 2007) and reached its peak of 10% in October 2009. However, these unemployment figures are misleading because as per Bureau of Labor and Statistics, â€Å"Unemployment† is defined as people who do not currently have a job, have actively looked for work in the past four weeks (from the time when the report is prepared) and are currently available for work (Amadeo, n. d. ). It also includes people who are temporarily laid off and waiting to be called back to work. People who are unemployed and have not looked for job in the last four weeks (from the time the report is prepared) are removed from the labor force and are not counted as unemployed. The Bureau of Labor and Statistics also releases â€Å"Alternative measures of labor underutilization† report divided into 6 sections as follows: * U-1 Persons Unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the civilian labor force * U-2 Job losers and person who completed temporary jobs as a percent of the civilian labor force * U-3 Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate) * U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers * U-5 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, plus all other person marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all person marginally attached to the labor force * U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force Of these six sections, the focus is on the U-3 and U-6 figures. As of December 2008 the official unemployment rate as per BLS Report (U-3 figure) is at 7. 3% while the U-6 figure is at 13. 5%. The difference is 6. 2% meaning while 7. 3% of the work force is being reported as officially unemployed, another 6. 2% are not. And this unreported 6. 2% are mainly those who have stopped looking for jobs or those who hold part time jobs. By June 2009, when the last economic recession was officially declared over, the U-3 and U-6 figures are 9. 5% and 16. 5% respectively. And for the year ending, December 2011, U-3 was reported at 8. % and U-6 at 15. 2% for a difference of 6. 7%. This difference indicates 44. 0% (6. 7% / 15. 2%) of the unemployed is not reported in the official unemployment rate. This is an indication although unemployment rate has been reported to decline from its peak of 10% in October 2009 to 8. 5% in December 2011, there are still far more unemployed people being unreported or have continuously decided not to join the workforce. High unemployment adversely affects the national economy in general including delivery and shipping services firms like USPS. With consumers having less confidence and less money to spend, there is less business for delivery of goods. When unemployment rate is high, there are fewer consumers while still those employed has less spendable money. Hence, retailers’ sales decline so is the order of replacement merchandise directly translating to reducing shipping services both for the retailers and consumers. In short, there will definitely be a negative impact on USPS revenue. Cyclical changes in the economy, i. e. recession and inflation is nothing new to USPS, however the effect of modern technology like the personal computers and internet is. At the height of the recession, 2009, USPS revenue declined by 9. 1% over the previous year with a total net loss of $3. 74B followed by another $8. 473B net loss in 2010. Unemployment rates peaked from 7. % in January of 2009 to 10% in October 2009 and declined to 9. 4% in December 2010 were in parallel with these revenue losses. The bulk of USPS operating expenses is mostly from its employee wages and retiree benefits and transportation. Of these, employee wages and retiree benefits are the least elastic. With more than 85% of its employees covered by Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBA’s), USPS is strictly constrained to react promptly to sudden changes to the economy to reduce its operating expenses, i. e. laying off employees or reducing retiree benefits. Inflation Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service. The value of a dollar is never constant and it is referred to as its purchasing power. With inflation there is a decline in the purchasing power of the dollar (Investopedia. com) For USPS, inflation also results in adverse effects on its revenues but mostly it affects the cost of health benefits it has to cover for its employees and retirees. For its operations, the cost of fuel also greatly affects its operating expenses. Cost of living allowances and workers’ compensation programs also add to increased operating expenses. But the most negative impact is the inability of USPS to readily adjust its product and services pricing based from inflation as it requires legislative actions to do so. Government Legislations Since USPS is a government owned firm, it operates within the guidelines of public laws. Product and services pricing are approved by Congress. In addition, delivery schedules and delivery routes are also regulated by the Postal Regulatory Commission. With the implementation of Public Law 91-375 commonly known as the Postal Reorganization Act of 1971, the USPS became a self-supporting, wholly governmental entity designed to cover its operating costs with revenues generated through providing fundamental postal services to the entire nation (Kosar, 2012). It does not receive annual appropriation from Congress for its operating budget except for the annual $100M congress pays to compensate USPS for the revenue losses incurred for free mailing privileges to blind persons and overseas voters, as directed by Congress. The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 (PAEA) established the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits Fund (PSRHBF) and required USPS to prefund its future retirees’ health benefits at a cost of approximately $5. 5B per year for 10 years with remaining balance amortized in the subsequent next 40- year period. For FY ending 2011, the unfunded obligation to this fund is at $46. 2B (the accuracy of this amount is still being debated depending on what valuation method is used) (Kosar, 2012). Below is the table for the RHBF payments under the PAEA: Table 1. Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits Fund Payments Under PAEA Fiscal Year Payment Due Per PAEA (billions) Status of Payment 2007 $5. 4 Paid in full. 2008 $5. 6 Paid in full. 2009 $5. 4 $1. 4 billion paid 2010 $5. 5 Paid in full. 2011 $5. 5 No payment 2012 $5. 6 Due September 30, 2012. 2013 $5. 6 Due September 30, 2013. 2014 $5. 7 Due September 30, 2014. 2015 $5. 7 Due September 30, 2015. 2016 $5. 8 Due September 30, 2016. Source: Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act (P. L. 109-435,  §803; 120 Stat. 3251-3252; 5 U. S. C  §8909(d)(3)(A). ) Due to solvency problems, Congress reduced the FY 2009 payment amount to $1. 4B (P. L. 111-68) while in FY2011, Congress delayed the payment to August 1, 2012 as per H. R. 112-331. By front loading the RHBF, USPS has switched from funding its RHBF from â€Å"out of pocket† cost to pre-funding. It’s this prefunding causing a tremendous financial strain on the firm. It’s also an indicator on how much leverage and control government legislations have over the firm. And this is just one of the two biggest entities having control over the firm’s operations. The other one is employees’ unions. Collective Bargaining Agreements More than 80% of USPS operating cost is due to its employees’ wage; and more than 85% of its employees belong to one of the four unions or referred to as management organizations, i. e. , APWU, NALC, NPMHU and NRLCA. Unfortunately for USPS even though it enjoys benefits from federal regulations like monopoly of mailing services and having the ability to borrow money from the Federal Financing Banks up to $15B or as set by Congress; the same federal laws also put constrains in its ability to increase revenue by increasing prices without prior approval; or decreasing its operating costs by reducing mail delivery schedule; or closing non-performing post offices; or by having power to control labor costs. Statutory processes for resolving disputes between labor and management frequently results in arbitrators being empowered to make binding decisions heavily favoring employees (USPS Annual 10K Report, 2011). With declining revenues since 2007, USPS has been unable to reduce employee numbers to desired sustainable strength, its main operating cost, without having to rely solely on attrition or buy outs due to collective bargaining agreements that heavily favor employees. Future strategy calls for attr ition or reduction in employees’ numbers to an additional 120,000 positions by FY2015. However, USPS is unable to achieve this without overriding current CBA’s and it doesn’t have the power to do so. Microeconomic Factors Personal Computers and Internet In their 2009 annual report, according to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, approximately 68. 7% percent (81. 939 million households) of all U. S. households have internet access. Out of this 68. 7%, 63. 5% uses broadband service while 4. 7 % uses dial up service with the remaining 0. 4% using either satellite or dish access (BLS, 2010). And the numbers will only continue to grow as personal computers become more affordable and internet services continue to be made available in the rural areas. With internet comes email and social networking services. Although email is a differentiated product from regular paper mail or commonly referred to as â€Å"snail mail†, its purpose and function is completely the same. In short, email is almost a perfect substitute product for regular paper mail. The decline in first-class mail volume started to take center stage when the volume of First-Class mail, where USPS gets the majority of its money from, fell below junk mail volume for the first time in 2005 (Leonard, 2011). Total mail volume declined 20% between 2006 and 2010 resulting in a total net income loss of $25B. 1-From 2011 Report on Form 10-K USPS So is email killing USPS? Although decline in First-Class mail alone cannot postulate this to be accurate, there is however undisputed evidence email has delivered a severe financial blow to USPS. Like this is not serious enough yet, digital communications continue to evolve and quickly becoming mainstream. Mobile phones or smartphones are not only capable of making a phone call but also able to send emails just about anywhere they can find service signals from their providers. The phone can also be used to send text (â€Å"texting†), providing not only faster communication than regular paper mail but even better than regular email as it requires no computer to access it and is in real time. To make matters worse for USPS, most businesses are already moving to â€Å"paperless† bill and payment delivery meaning the 20% decline in first-class mail volume in the previous years, not only will it be probably irreversible but will most likely worsen before it gets better. And then there is yet still another evolving technology that could also adversely affect USPS’s other business model, â€Å"shipping services†, and this is with the digital or electronic books. According to Amazon, the largest retailer on the web, Kindle books are just now starting to outsell printed books (Leonard, 2011). Everyday Low Pricing strategies If you are looking for the cheapest postal rate around the world, look no further than the U. S. Postal Service. For a universal rate of 44 cents (before January 12, 2011, where it rose to 45 cents), for the first ounce, a First Class letter mail can be delivered anywhere in the United States and its territories. In comparison, for the same letter mailed locally, in Norway it would cost the sender $1. 63; in Japan it would be $1. 06, in France it would be $0. 81, in Germany it would be $0. 77, in UK it would be $0. 74 and in Canada it would be $0. 61 (Annual Report to Congress, USPS, 2011). Like this is not cheap enough yet, the Standard Mail is even cheaper consisting mostly of advertising and periodical mails. So is everyday low pricing causing financially losses USPS? In comparison to other postal services it would seem so. An analysis of this dilemma is presented in the business strategies section of this report. Outsourcing and global competition Although most U. S. companies have adopted globalization and have included outsourcing in their strategy to compete in the global market, the U. S. Postal Service remains a sole government franchise operating only nationally. As such it does not include outsourcing as a part of its business model and do not compete globally. Business Analysis Current Financial Performance USPS current financial performance in the last 5 years and especially in the 2011 is in â€Å"dire straits†. With over $25B in net losses over the past five years including $21B of expenses for the prefunding of retiree health benefits, it ended 2011 with only $1. 2B in total cash and only $2. 0B of remaining borrowing capacity. The projected payments for the PSRHBF for 2012 is a staggering $11. 1B ($5. 5B for the deferred 2011 and $5. 6 for the upcoming 2012 contributions) and then there is the payment for workers’ compensation for approximately $1. 3B by September 30, 2012. Even with all the re-structuring tools available for the USPS put into place including price increases just recently approved, USPS will not be able to meet all its current year financial obligations. Unless, congress makes changes to the current requirements of prefunding USPS’ PSRHBF, the firm is technically insolvent even prior to the end of its 2012 accounting period and will remain so at least until 2016. Previous Financial Performance The last time USPS posted net income from its operations was in FY2004 ($3. 1B), FY2005 ($1. 626B) and FY2006 ($969M), (USPS Annual Report 2007). It was in 2006 P. L. 109-435 became a law relieving USPS of the $27B in pension liabilities for workers with military service (USPS workers with military pension used to be paid by USPS vice the U. S. Treasury) but at the same time USPS agreed to make annual payments of $5. billion for the next 10 years to build up a fund for future retirees. When this bill was signed into law, USPS was ecstatic. So for FY 2006, USPS finished the year with a net income of almost $1B. Little did it know it will be the last time USPS will ever finish the year in â€Å"black†! Future Financial outlook Futur e financial outlook for USPS is dimmer than ever. With decline in First Class mail volume continuously declining, there is no indication this is not permanent or worse yet decline more in coming years, even if the economy improve. So far USPS seems to be more focus on increasing its revenue by increasing prices in both of each services, i. e. , mailing and shipping services. At the same time, it also wants to reduce its operating expenses by reducing its number of employees and closing or converting some of its branches into â€Å"village post offices†. However, even with all these business strategies, USPS doesn’t seem to focus on how it can re-structure its business model to adapt to digital technologies and the use of Internet. Although, it has adapted its shipping services and selling of stamps into the digital world USPS is yet to make headways into a profitable business model. Business Strategies Product pricing One of the business strategies of USPS and usually most of businesses do is to increase product pricing everytime the end of the accounting period reports â€Å"Net Loss†! This seems to be a knee-jerk reaction since it’s the easiest logic to recoup â€Å"net losses†. And this is because supposedly increase in product pricing directly correlates to increase revenue thus increased profit or having to post â€Å"Net Income† instead of â€Å"Net Loss† at the end of each accounting period. However product pricing is not as plain and easy as it looks. In the case of USPS product pricing, the elasticity of each product pricing should be taken into account. USPS has validated the fact that technology, increased availability of broadband services, growing internet access in homes, declining prices in personal computers, and expanding mobile services has caused a decline in its mailing services. This is directly attributed to e-mails and online banking billing and payments. In short, email and other electronic online banking transactions, although differentiated from regular paper mail are direct substitute products. As such, it can be postulated increasing the price of USPS â€Å"mailing services† will not necessarily translate to increased revenues. With price elasticity of demand (EP), the more there is a close substitute to a product the higher is the elasticity of demand. This is shown in the below graph: Figure 2: Managerial Economics in Global Economy (Salvatore, D, 2010) With EP greater than one (highly elastic as shown on the upper portion of the blue demand line) the demand line indicates an increase in price (PX) will result in decrease in quantity demanded (QX). With decrease in quantity demanded means reduction in total revenue. Based from the mail volume decline since 2006 (when mailing was cheaper than last year and this year) up to the present it’s almost conclusive further increase in the cost of mailing will only exacerbate the decline in mail volume; making it easier for business managers to make the decision to switch to â€Å"paperless† bill statements and delivery. Although current statutory requirements limit pricing increase on â€Å"shipping services† (including mailing services) to rate of inflation, USPS should request Congress to include a direct authority for USPS to increase prices (with approval from the Postal Regulatory Commission, PRC) based from increased cost of transportation, i. e. , fuel, the same strategy used by the airline industry. The airline industry started using surcharges for baggage checked in when the cost of fuel surge to unsustainable levels. USPS should have the same authority to make time sensitive changes to its pricing as it deems necessary for its continued operations with the approval of the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC). Even if given this authority, USPS should still consider the competition before it can raise shipping prices and by how much. By having the authority though, USPS can be a flexible firm able to respond in time to stop massive losses while waiting for Congress to give it an approval. Product diversity With technology, USPS has started to adapt the internet for some its product offerings. Customers can go at USPS. com and fill their forms online and even print their mailing or shipping stamps. Additionally, customers can also request home or station pick up by USPS meaning customers need not even to get out of their houses to receive mailing or shipping services. However, these shipping services are also available with USPS competitors like UPS and FEDEX and seem to be doing a better job than USPS. There is however, one product USPS offers that its competitors do not offer and this is Postal Money Order. U. S. Postal Money Orders are very popular and reliable people up to this day prefer them as a form of payment over credit or debit cards or even online fund transfer companies like Western Unions or Paypal. USPS should conduct a study on how to establish a business model allowing it to offer a digital version of its Postal Money Orders. With USPS monopoly on money orders this is almost a sure winner if it can design a digital or online business model for its money orders. In 2010, Paypal posted total revenue of $3. 4B and expects to double this revenue by 2013 (Galante, 2011). On the otherhand, Western Union posted a Net Income of $909. 9M (Yahoo Finance). With potential revenue at this level just from its money order business, USPS is posed to increase its annual business revenue tremendously compare to just increasing its product pricing. Resource utilization USPS resource utilization is obviously not at its optimal level considering the amount of losses it incurred in the last 5 years. Probably the worst resource underutilization is in the excessive number of employees and its huge fleet of gas guzzling trucks and delivery vehicles. USPS was very slow to adapt to new technology and didn’t quite see the effect of the internet with its mailing services and continued rising cost of fuel. This is in spite of the significant decline in First-Class mailing volumes as early as 2005 and the more than $100 a barrel of crude oil in 2008. USPS did not initiate to stop Saturday’s mail delivery until 2010 when it was already losing tens of billions in income. USPS tries to optimize its resource utilization by working interdependently with its â€Å"Shipping Services† competitors like UPS’ â€Å"UPS Basic† and FedEx’s â€Å"Smart Post†. However, USPS should strive instead to get as much of this business for itself instead of having to share it with its competitors. This doesn’t mean it has to get rid of this interdependency relationship as it helps in its resource utilization but should try to get as much as it can so as to enjoy the revenue for itself instead of sharing with others. And it can easily accomplish this through pricing, which it has an advantage over the competition. With oil price increases in 2008, USPS should have started switching or equipping its delivery vehicles either to more fuel efficient vehicles or those equipped to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). According to Consumer Energy Report. om (Rapier, 2009), based from EPA reports, a gallon of gasoline contains approximately 115,000 BTU’s of energy while a Standard Cubic Feet (SCF) of natural gas contains 1,000 BTU’s (hence 115 SCF of CNG equates to 1 gallon of gasoline). In November 2011, the national average price of gaso line was $3. 37 a gallon while for diesel it was $4. 01 a gallon (Consumer Report, 2011). On the same period, the price for natural gas is $8. 60 per thousand SCF for commercial rate and $4. 53 for industrial rate (EIA. gov, 2012). A thousand SCF of natural gas equates to 8. 7 gallons of gasoline or diesel (1,000 divided by 115), meaning had USPS converted some of its vehicles into CNG, it would only be paying approximately 98. 85 cents to equivalent gallon of gasoline or diesel at the commercial rate price, and even less if given the industrial rate price. At present, price of natural gas has declined although not significantly but it might as well be because on the other end of the spectrum the price of gasoline rose to almost $4 a gallon from $3. 37 in November 2010, an increase of 18. 7% and it is just starting to get worse. USPS has the largest civilian fleet of vehicles in the world numbering to 215,625 burning through more than 399 million of gallons of gasoline/diesel for a total of 1. 25 billion miles driven (Postal Facts, 2011); it could have easily saved tens of millions of dollars with the use of CNG. USPS should continue with its strategy of reducing its number of employees and post office branches or converting some branches into â€Å"Village Post Offices†. Additionally, it should also strive to reduce its delivery service from a 6-day to a 5-day delivery. Although this may sound like an easy feat to accomplish, i. e. , to reduce operating cost due to reduced mail volume, it is not. This is because although there has been a decrease in mail volume there is however an increase in delivery points. So the bottom line is although reducing operating cost is a positive step, USPS can only reduce it for so much and for so long before it starts failing in providing fundamental postal services to the nation; its primary mandate and reason for existence. The other strategy for USPS besides operating cost reduction is synergized on what it is currently accomplishing now and for the future. Cost Volume Profit Analysis Cost-Volume-Profit analysis or breakeven analysis is a process of determining the output where a firm breaks even or earns a target profit from the total revenue and total cost functions of the firm† (Salvatore, D. 2012). Unlike manufacturing or production firms, or any private firms, the USPS has a constant mandate to provide â€Å"fundamental postal service† to the nation. As such, it requires a minimum number of employees, material and other resources to accomplish this task, hence an absolute minimum operating cost. In private sector, when a firm CVP analysis indicates a decline in total revenue (TR) compare to total cost (TC), its tendency is to reduce TC until it is low enough to gain profit. Even better for the firm it has the option of totally abandoning some specific operations or productions if it cannot gain profit despite drastic reductions in TC. However, this is not the case for the USPS. With minimum requirements to provide fundamental postal service to the nation, the USPS cannot reduce its TC to the point it will cease some or even a single part of its operation, despite heavy net losses in income. When USPS is operating at a loss and has done just about everything to minimize its TC, its only other option is to increase the volume of its business to at least break even. With decline in mail volume still yet to hit bottom, USPS needs to venture to different products especially those taking advantage of the internet and other evolving technologies. It is only through additional products or improvement in current existing products USPS can increase volume of its business to at least cover its minimum operating cost. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Being a government own firm, USPS has some inherent strengths in its business model as follows: 1. Monopoly of the mailing service industry 2. Open Credit lines or borrowing up to $15B from the Federal Financing Bank, which can also be increased in due time with the approval of Congress 3. Large operating capacity with more than 33,000 facilities throughout the nation 4. A non-profit organization whose only financial objective is to break even giving it the strength to undermine the competition through low pricing 5. Highly resilient to cyclical changes in the economy brought by recessions and inflations 6. Modern technological network infrastructures and highly computerized distribution systems USPS should utilize its strengths to increase revenue especially with its business goal of only requiring breaking even. It can also flex its strength in pricing to beat the competition when it comes to its shipping services. With its large operating capacities it should plan to expand its business model to achieve â€Å"economies of scale†. USPS weaknesses also come mostly from the same institution that gave some of its strengths: 1. Large operating cost due to large required coverage in mail and shipping deliveries as mandated by Congress 2. Very little diversity in products and services despite large operating capacities and highly technological networked infrastructure 3. Very little to none bargaining power with employees management organizations or unions 4. Very restrictive operating schedules and product pricing flexibilities 5. Slow adaptability in a highly changing business environment brought by newer technology due to restrictions placed upon the firm by Congress through the Post Office Regulatory Commission 6. Large number inefficient fleet of vehicles 7. Very expensive employee pension and retiree health benefit plans Weaknesses in large number of inefficient fleet of vehicles unnecessarily contributing to high operating cost can be easily avoided with the use of alternate energy like CNG. Congress should give temporary authority to USPS to effect price changes as a result of out of the ordinary changes in fuel costs and other materials and resources it uses to fulfill its mandate. The two most readily available opportunities for USPS mostly come only in two forms, i. e. product diversity and more use of the internet as another source of business revenue. This can be as simple as developing a business model to the current postal money orders so it can be transformed to something like e-Money Order that can be used for online fund transfers the same as Paypal’s or Western Unions business model do. As for product diversity, USPS should start looking into expanding its shipping services to aggressively compete directly with UPS and FedEx. The biggest threat facing USPS is the continuing decline of its mailing services. Despite the big proposal of increasing prices supposedly supplementing losses, it’s more likely the more USPS continue to raise prices in its mailing services the sooner it will decline more. The threat of defaulting with its PSRHBF funding for this year and probably for the following years is imminent. The possibility of a government bailout seems to be very more likely starting this year and the years thereafter. USPS needs to face the reality of the internet technology and should start restructuring its business model so as to treat the internet as an ally instead of an adversary. Conclusion An expeditious and short term solution to the Unites States Postal Service current financial problem is way out of reach of the sole capability of the firm and requires a congressional legislation to make it happen. This specifically with the firms mandated annual $5. 5B prefund contribution to its PSRHBF where $11. 1B is due by September 30, 2012. In addition there is also the $1. 3B Workers’ Compensation Fund required to be paid to the DOL at the end of the fiscal year. To keep USPS financially solvent and operational at least for the time being, Congress should legislate to postpone payments to the PSRHBF and to the Workers’ Compensation for the next three years. This should give enough â€Å"breathing room† for USPS to stay â€Å"afloat† while at the same time implementing its multi-prong strategies of reducing its operating costs, increasing revenues, diversifying its products and improving its processes and methodologies to attract more customers. References: 1. Amadeo, K, (n. d. ) U. S. Economy, How is Unemployment Defined. Retrieved February 18 2012, from http://useconomy. about. com/od/supply/f/unemploy_define. htm. 2. Average gas prices – – November 21, 2011, Retrieved February 23, 2012 from http://news. consumerreports. org/cars/2011/11/average-gas-prices-november-21-2011. html. 3. Beatty, A, (September 20, 2010) U. S. Exits Longest Recession Since World War II, retrieved 19 February 2012 from http://www. commondreams. org/headline/2010/09/20-5. 4. Bentley, M. (April 2010), Carrier Consolidation Services: An inside guide to OPS basic and FEDEX SmartPost, retrieved February 19, 2012 from http://www. parcelindustry. com. 5. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, (February 2010), Current Population Survey, October 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2012 from http://www. census. gov/hhes/computer/publications/2009. html. 6. Galante, J. (Feb 10, 2011). Paypal’s Revenue Will double by 2013, Thompson Says, Bloomberg. Retrieved February 20, 2012 from http://www. bloomberg. com/news. 7. Geddes, R. R. , (June 01, 2003). Opportunities for Anti-Competitive Behavior in the Postal Services, AEI Online retrieved February 12, 2012 from http://www. aei. org/article/opportunities-for-anticompetitive-behavior-in-postal-services/. 8. Inflation: What is Inflation? retrieved February 19, 2012 from http://www. investopedia. com/university/inflation/inflation1. asp#axzz1mtwFSACX. 9. Income Statement, Western Union Company, Yahoo Finance. Retrieved February 20, 2012 from http://www. yahoo. com/finance. 10. Kosar, K. R. (January 27, 2012) The U. S. Postal Service’s Financial Condition: Overview and Issued for Congress, retrieved February 20, 2012 from http://www. fas. org/sgp/crs/misc/R41024. pdf. 11. Leonard, D (May 25, 2011) the U. S. Postal Service nears Collapse†, Bloomberg Businessweek, retrieved February 19, 2012 from http://www. businessweek. com/print/magazine/content/11_23/b4231060885070. htm. 12. Natural Gas Prices Retrieved February 23, 2012 from http://www. eia. gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_nus_m. htm. 13. Postal Facts 2011 Retrieved February 23, 2012 from http://about. usps. com/who-we-are/postal-facts/welcome. htm. 14. Rapier, R. (Jun 19, 2009) How Much Natural Gas to Replace Gasoline? Retrieved February 23, 2012 from http://www. consumerenergyreport. com/2009/06/19/how-much-natural-gas-to-replace- gasoline/. 15. Salvatore, D. (2012). Managerial economics in a global economy (5th ed), New York, NY: Oxford University. 16. United States Postal Regulatory Commission, Annual Form 10-K Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 for FY ended September 30, 2011. 17. United States Postal Service 2011 Annual Report to Congress, retrieved February 16, 2012 from, http://about. usps. com/publications/annual-report-comprehensive-statement-2011/annual-report-comprehensive-statement-2011. pdf. 18. United States Postal Service Annual Report 2007 retrieved February 20, 2012 from http://about. usps. com/strategic-planning/cs07/chpt5-002. htm. How to cite Us Postal Service – Insolvency, Papers

Fundamental Information Technology

Question: Discuss about the Fundamental Information Technology. Answer: Introduction: The study includes a detailed description of the Information Infrastructure of Swagger Distribution. The IT infrastructure refers to the combination of software, hardware and network resources and operations need for the existence management and operation of a business IT environment[1]. The study includes the benefits of the HCI benefits and a descriptive part regarding DDoS attack. Human Computer Instruction reflects the existing interfaces between the user and the computer[2]. The Network of the swagger distribution mainly focuses on the wired network for enhancing the security regarding the information. Through the combination of the various aspect of the IT infrastructure the Carnegie Cyber Academy Library development team can create an effective and secure IT environment within the organization. Human Computer Interaction: The term HCI mainly focuses on the existing interface between the computers and user[3]. In addition, it analyzes the utilization and design of the computer technology. Benefits: The advantage of the HCI is that it continually tries to improve the techniques and medium of interaction between the computer and user[4]. The benefits are depending on the various types of user interfaces. The below benefits are suitable regarding the Swagger Distribution Company. Command Line Interface: The options and switches are flexible. Quick at accessing commands makes it suitable for the experts. Utilizes the resources as little as possible[5]. Menu Driven Interface: Does not ask for having knowledge of complex commands[6]. Easier to learn and use. Graphical User Interface: Enhances the speed of learning. Easy to use[7]. Improve confidence of the novice users. Importance of HCI: HCI is an important aspect of business to make the products or services of the Swagger Distribution more sufficient, useful and safe. In the long run, it will bring more marketing advantages. Microsoft Visio Tutorial: The software offers the various diagramming ability for preparing different business, database, software, engineering, network diagram and architecture diagrams[8]. For understanding the applications easily tutorial is provided to the new owner and new employees. At First, all users have to download this application on their computers. Then, the users have to click on the home tab button, for inserting diagram aspects, text groups and links use buttons[9]. After that, through clicking upon the design tab, the user can change the setup of the page. Besides with that, users select the themes for background page creation. Review tab offers access to several functions such as reports, language and proofing. View tab is for displaying the Visio images in full-screen mode[10]. Shaping the window size assists in getting several shapes regarding the image. For the draw, shaping the images through displaying inches the application provide the drawing window. Figure 1: Visio Select Template (Source: "Drawing E-R Diagrams With CrowS Foot Notation Using Microsoft Visio Tutorial" 2013) Programming The functionality of the Key Code Components: System.out.Printing: For printing, the passing argument on an interface the Java uses this statement. It is a part of the stdout. The system refers to the category of final class that resides in the Java.Lang package. Out is an aspect of PrintStream, which is a static member field of system class[11]. The final part, println is a method. It is a part of the PrintStream class. Calendar Code: It is an abstract class. It processes the conversions between the calendar fields and the time. For developing a concrete calendar system, it offers methods and fields. Set, add and roll these are the methods that are used for setting the calendar field values[12]. Semicolon: The semicolon has the purpose of ending a statement with a program. It acts as a terminator. New Keyword: It is essential to create objects to use the methods defined in the classes. The new keyword is responsible for creating the objects of a specific class[13]. Networking: Summarization of the Wired Network: The organization holds two main locations where the enhancement of the network is very urgent. The office observes and watches over all the operations regarding business[14]. The warehouse is the center of the product distribution. This aspect of the study concentrates on the fresh components and facilities that have been integrated into the network of the Swagger Distribution. The workstation of the Swagger Distribution Company operates at the office as well as at the warehouse. The network is a wired for making the security regarding the organizational information better[15]. The VPN router connects the warehouse and the office. The router is connected to a switch that connects the main system with the different retail shops around the city. Using the LAN the administration will manage the whole network. In the central room, the main Ethernet cable will be connected to the firewall system, crosspatch panel, two servers and two routers. The warehouse will utilize a remote Ethernet switch for providing connection to all the systems. In the office, the network administrator will make use of Ethernet drop cable. Web Technology: Key Components: Home Page: The key to a successful website is the homepage of it. The target audience, at first, sees the home page of the website[16]. Integrity Regarding Content: The meaningful and original content will serve as a crucial feature of Swaggers website. Easy Navigation: Through integrating easy navigation techniques within the website, the organization can avoid annoying its audiences. Sidebar: Through sidebars, the website will gather email addresses for the organizations lists or promotion of Swagger Distribution. Analytics: Using the Google Analytics the organization can that does not work regarding the website. In addition with that, the authorities can measure the success of the website[17]. Core Value Statement: The organization will provide the useful information in the first place so that the visitors can be assured that they are in the right place[18]. Integrating Social Media: The use of the social media regarding promotion of the Swagger Distribution Company can attract the customers who are not interested in contacting the organization in the right way. Keeping the Website Simple: The simpler the website, the more it will be attracting the visitors and prevent them from annoying situations. Keeping the Website Consistent: For making the website interesting the organization will change the contents often but they need to focus on the main parts and should ensure that it does not get changed[19]. Adding a Search Feature: Having a search feature on the Swagger Distributions website will lead to the convenience of the customer[20]. Suggestion for the Swagger Distribution Company Website: A Logical Roadmap and Clear Navigation are the two fresh features regarding the web technology[21]. The development team will primarily focus on the working procedures of the website. Google considers the structure and the contents regarding its website while it ranks for search. Figure 2: Official Google Search Site (Source: [22]) Clear navigation facility throughout the website can provide the visitors ease of serving. Amazon uses this feature sincerely. Figure 3: The Official Amazon Site (Source: [23]) Information Security: Importance of Information Security: Providing the security of information is a part of business activity has covered a long distance in the past decade. Swagger Distribution Company has to focus on this aspect of the business as a failure in this part can be very costly to the organization[24]. The importance of the Information Security can be categorized in the following manner. Protecting Swagger Distributions Integrity will be an essential task of it. Maintaining and developing efficient measures regarding security will offer stability to the organization and gather more trust from the customer[25]. For enhancing efficiency information security plays an important role. Swagger Distribution can save a lot of time and capital by integrating security related tasks into the job description. To fulfill the regulatory needs, the Swagger Distribution will understand the importance of the Information Securit[26] Preventing threats is crucial for any organization. The organization has to consider the existence of a good security regarding its information to protect the organizational information. Information Security Practice: The Swagger Distribution will implement mainly two types of practices that are best suited to the organization for securing its valuable information. Implement DLP and auditing: It refers to the process of avoiding data loss and file auditing for alerting, blocking, monitoring and identifying regarding the flow of data out and into the network of Swagger Distribution. The Carnegie Cyber Academy Librarydevelopment team will make use of several strategies to implement this security aspect. The strategies include identifying business needs, defining security requirements, communications, reviewing architecture options, distributing responsibilities and deploying[27]. The various aspects of the business requirements regard performance, transparency, availability and compatibility. Securing websites against malware infections and MITM: The Carnegie Cyber Academy Librarydevelopment team will Always implement on SSL, setting the secure flag regarding all session cookies, scanning for malware on a daily basis and regular assessing the websites of the organization on a daily basis for developing a system capable of fighting against the malware and MITM[28]. Possible Security Threats and Its Prevention: The study consists of security threat that can cause huge damage to Swagger Distribution. The Carnegie Cyber Academy Librarydevelopment team will also implement the methods in the organizations system to prevent the threats. DDoS Attack - DDoS or distributed denial of service attack refers to a security threat which includes infected several systems for targeting a single system for causing Denial of Service attack. In 2008, Anonymous used the DDoS for attacking the Scientology.org for blocking the site for some moments[29]. From the three options, observing performance metrics, deployment methods and detection and assuring scalability, for preventing the DDoS attack the development team will choose the deployment methods and detection procedure. It will consist of various methods of monitoring the ongoing processes of a network. The router will create sample packets and will export datagram that will hold the information of the packets[30]. Summarization of Interrelationship: The IT infrastructure system of the Swagger Distribution Company consists of several components like network, database, web technologies, programming applications, security systems and computers. A network of the organization resides in the core of the retail chain. For driving the retail operations smoothly the network will include the features such as reliability, security and scalability[31]. Using the Local Area Network regarding the web technology block the personnel of the organization will communicate for pursuing effective business processes. The database will hold an enormous amount of data of the Swagger Distribution Company. The database will consist of the information regarding inventory details, products, clients, employees and different stakeholders. It will assist the organization to observe the movements of the products[32]. The Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) are the two programming applications of the organization. The CRM will help Swagger Distribution to analyze the information of the customers. The ERP will make the business process of the organization automated[33]. The Security System prevents the system from threats and provides security for the valuable information. Conclusion: The study concludes that it is essential to provide adequate security in terms of organizational information to prevent Swagger Distribution from security thefts. The theft of information can be very costly. The websites must be secure, dynamic and simple. The development team has to maintain the simplicity of the website while continuously upgrading the site for integrating fresh and effective web technology features. The two locations, office and warehouse, will be connected to the wires. It will make the theft more difficult for the attackers. The applications like CRM and ERP will assist the organization to compute the business processes more swiftly and effectively. Through the analysis of the customer information through CRM, the organization can reveal new aspects of the business. It can attract more customers and can handle the existing customers more easily. Bibliography: "Amazon.Co.Uk: Low Prices In Electronics, Books, Sports Equipment More". 2016.Amazon.Co.Uk. https://www.amazon.co.uk/. "Google". 2016.Google.Co.In. https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=crei=qGv3VsfACoLI8AeHoIOYDA. "Java Reserved Words". 2016.Jwrider.Com. https://www.jwrider.com/riderist/java/javaidrs.htm. "Twelve Key Components To Building A Successful Website - Ipwatchdog.Com | Patents Patent Law". 2011.Ipwatchdog.Com | Patents Patent Law. https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2011/02/03/twelve-components-building-a-successful-website/id=14952/. Banos, Vangelis, Yunhyong Kim, Seamus Ross, and Yannis Manolopoulos. "CLEAR: a credible method to evaluate website archivability." (2013). Bhuyan, Monowar H., D. K. Bhattacharyya, and Jugal K. Kalita. "An empirical evaluation of information metrics for low-rate and high-rate DDoS attack detection."Pattern Recognition Letters51 (2015): 1-7. Disterer, Georg. "ISO/IEC 27000, 27001 and 27002 for information security management." (2013). Drell, Lauren. 2012. "10 Essential Features Of Every Good Business Website".Mashable. https://mashable.com/2012/02/09/website-must-haves/#ISQK39q33iqG. Hollensen, Svend.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education, 2015. Jacko, Julie A., ed.Human Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications. CRC press, 2012. Leon, Alexis.Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. McMillan, Robert. 2016. "Hackers Hit Scientology With Online Attack".Pcworld. https://www.pcworld.com/article/141839/article.html. Null, Linda, and Julia Lobur.The essentials of computer organization and architecture. Jones Bartlett Publishers, 2014. Rautaray, Siddharth S., and Anupam Agrawal. "Vision based hand gesture recognition for human computer interaction: a survey."Artificial Intelligence Review43, no. 1 (2015): 1-54. Silowash, George J., and Christopher King.Insider threat control: Understanding data loss prevention (DLP) and detection by correlating events from multiple sources. No. CMU/SEI-2013-TN-002. CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INST, 2013. Siponen, Mikko, and Anthony Vance. "Guidelines for improving the contextual relevance of field surveys: the case of information security policy violations."European Journal of Information Systems23, no. 3 (2014): 289-305. Siponen, Mikko, M. Adam Mahmood, and Seppo Pahnila. "Employees adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study."Information management51, no. 2 (2014): 217-224. Tantikul, Phitchayaphong, C. Albert Thompson, Rosalva E. Gallardo-Valencia, and Susan Elliott Sim. "Novel and Applied Algorithms in a Search Engine for Java Code Snippets." InFinding Source Code on the Web for Remix and Reuse, pp. 271-287. Springer New York, 2013. Website [1] Null, Linda, and Julia Lobur.The essentials of computer organization and architecture. Jones Bartlett Publishers, 2014. [2] Rautaray, Siddharth S., and Anupam Agrawal. "Vision based hand gesture recognition for human computer interaction: a survey."Artificial Intelligence Review43, no. 1 (2015): 1-54. [3] Jacko, Julie A., ed.Human Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications. CRC press, 2012. [4] Rautaray, Siddharth S., and Anupam Agrawal. "Vision based hand gesture recognition for human computer interaction: a survey."Artificial Intelligence Review43, no. 1 (2015): 1-54. [5] Jacko, Julie A., ed.Human Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications. CRC press, 2012. [6] Rautaray, Siddharth S., and Anupam Agrawal. "Vision based hand gesture recognition for human computer interaction: a survey."Artificial Intelligence Review43, no. 1 (2015): 1-54. [7] Jacko, Julie A., ed.Human Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications. CRC press, 2012. [8] Chefetz, Gary, Margaret Wallace, and Rodney Walker.Microsoft Project Server 2013 Managing Projects and Portfolios. Chefetz LLC, 2013. [9] Helmers, Scott A.Microsoft Visio 2016 Step By Step. Microsoft Press, 2015. [10] Chefetz, Gary, Margaret Wallace, and Rodney Walker.Microsoft Project Server 2013 Managing Projects and Portfolios. Chefetz LLC, 2013. [11] "Java Reserved Words". 2016.Jwrider.Com. https://www.jwrider.com/riderist/java/javaidrs.htm. [12] Tantikul, Phitchayaphong, C. Albert Thompson, Rosalva E. Gallardo-Valencia, and Susan Elliott Sim. "Novel and Applied Algorithms in a Search Engine for Java Code Snippets." InFinding Source Code on the Web for Remix and Reuse, pp. 271-287. Springer New York, 2013. [13] "Java Reserved Words". 2016.Jwrider.Com. https://www.jwrider.com/riderist/java/javaidrs.htm. [14] Null, Linda, and Julia Lobur.The essentials of computer organization and architecture. Jones Bartlett Publishers, 2014. [15] Null, Linda, and Julia Lobur.The essentials of computer organization and architecture. Jones Bartlett Publishers, 2014. [16] Banos, Vangelis, Yunhyong Kim, Seamus Ross, and Yannis Manolopoulos. "CLEAR: a credible method to evaluate website archivability." (2013). [17] "Twelve Key Components To Building A Successful Website - Ipwatchdog.Com | Patents Patent Law". 2011.Ipwatchdog.Com | Patents Patent Law. https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2011/02/03/twelve-components-building-a-successful-website/id=14952/. [18] Banos, Vangelis, Yunhyong Kim, Seamus Ross, and Yannis Manolopoulos. "CLEAR: a credible method to evaluate website archivability." (2013). [19] "Twelve Key Components To Building A Successful Website - Ipwatchdog.Com | Patents Patent Law". 2011.Ipwatchdog.Com | Patents Patent Law. https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2011/02/03/twelve-components-building-a-successful-website/id=14952/. [20] Banos, Vangelis, Yunhyong Kim, Seamus Ross, and Yannis Manolopoulos. "CLEAR: a credible method to evaluate website archivability." (2013). [21] Drell, Lauren. 2012. "10 Essential Features Of Every Good Business Website".Mashable. https://mashable.com/2012/02/09/website-must-haves/#ISQK39q33iqG. [22] "Google". 2016.Google.Co.In. https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=crei=qGv3VsfACoLI8AeHoIOYDA. [23] "Amazon.Co.Uk: Low Prices In Electronics, Books, Sports Equipment More". 2016.Amazon.Co.Uk. https://www.amazon.co.uk/. [24] Disterer, Georg. "ISO/IEC 27000, 27001 and 27002 for information security management." (2013). [25] Siponen, Mikko, and Anthony Vance. "Guidelines for improving the contextual relevance of field surveys: the case of information security policy violations."European Journal of Information Systems23, no. 3 (2014): 289-305. [26] Disterer, Georg. "ISO/IEC 27000, 27001 and 27002 for information security management." (2013). [27] Silowash, George J., and Christopher King.Insider threat control: Understanding data loss prevention (DLP) and detection by correlating events from multiple sources. No. CMU/SEI-2013-TN-002. CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INST, 2013. [28] Siponen, Mikko, M. Adam Mahmood, and Seppo Pahnila. "Employees adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study."Information management51, no. 2 (2014): 217-224. [29] McMillan, Robert. 2016. "Hackers Hit Scientology With Online Attack".Pcworld. https://www.pcworld.com/article/141839/article.html. [30] Bhuyan, Monowar H., D. K. Bhattacharyya, and Jugal K. Kalita. "An empirical evaluation of information metrics for low-rate and high-rate DDoS attack detection."Pattern Recognition Letters51 (2015): 1-7. [31] Null, Linda, and Julia Lobur.The essentials of computer organization and architecture. Jones Bartlett Publishers, 2014. [32] Banos, Vangelis, Yunhyong Kim, Seamus Ross, and Yannis Manolopoulos. "CLEAR: a credible method to evaluate website archivability." (2013). [33] Leon, Alexis.Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.

The Problem of Child Molestation

Introduction Many people find it hard to discuss issues related to child sex abuse. What’s more, it is even hard to admit the fact that children of all ages (including babies) are sexually molested on daily basis. Sexual abuse has become a hot topic among many communities and a number of professional programs and legislations have been drafted to address this problem.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Child Molestation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is shown by the existing body of literature that dwells on sexual abuse as well as media coverage on the same matter (American Humane Association, 2011, p.1). This paper will therefore discuss the prevalence of sexual abuse among children. It will also present statistics on the prevalence of this problem and suggest ways that parents can use to protect their children from sexual predators. Child Sexual Abuse Child sex abuse can be defined in various ways. Nonetheless, the salient feature of any child abuse is the central role of an adult who coerces a child into a sexual act. Child sexual abuse may consist of touching private parts of a child, digital penetration, vaginal intercourse and oral-genital contact. It is worthy to mention that child sexual abuse is not only limited to physical contact but also may include non-contact abuse such as child pornography, voyeurism and abuse by peers. The lack of accurate definition of what entails child sexual abuse is further hindered by inadequate statistics on cases of child abuse. Nevertheless, several healthcare professionals concur that child sexual abuse is a serious problem and merits serious attention (American Psychological association, 2011, p.2). Statistics on Child Sexual Abuse According to estimates by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, over 9.2% of substantiated or unconfirmed cases of child neglect and abuse in 2005 comprised of sexual abus e. This percentage translates into about 83,000 incidences of child sexual abuse in 2005 alone. Several studies have indicated that the prevalence of child sexual abuse is higher than the cases reported to child protection agencies. What’s more, the data available reveal that girls are more susceptible to sexual abuse incidences although the prevalence of this problem is also escalating among the boys (American Humane association, 2011, p.4).Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to a report by the Georgia Department of Corrections, the number of inmates admitted at the correctional center for sexual offenses rose by over 340% between 1980 and 2006. In addition, the number of people imprisoned for child sex offenses increased by over 910% during the same period. The report states further that over 50% of the parolees, probationers as well as convicts at the facility are child sexual offenders. In 2007, the number of convicted sex offenders at the Georgia Department of Corrections (GDC) was approximately 14,250. Over 75% of these convicts were child listed as child sex offenders. The number of sex offenders in Georgia has escalated dramatically in the last 27 years. As a matter of fact, ever since GDC released its report on sex offenders in 1992, the number of child sex offenders has grown from about 5,400 to approximately 14,200 between 1992 and 2007. These figures translate to an average increase of 11% or 586 sex convictions per annum. The rapid increase in the number of sex offenders is mainly attributed to the rising number of inmates admitted at the center for child sex offenses (Georgia Department of Corrections, 2007, p.2). As a matter of fact, the number of child sex offenders admitted in prison between 1980 and 2006 increased at an average rate of 35% per annum compared to 3% for other sex offenders during the same period. This rapid growt h can be explained in part by a nationwide crackdown carried out in 1970s on sexual offenders. During this period, parents were encouraged to discuss about improper touches with their children and persuade them to report incidences of sexual abuses. In addition, the government introduced several legislative reforms to enable parents as well as victims report incidences of sexual abuses (Georgia Department of Corrections, 2007, p.2). Effects of Child Sex Abuse Negative Effects on the Child The effects of sexual abuse on children can be long-term and in some cases, may even go beyond childhood. Sexual abuse denies a child his/her childhood and leads to self-abusive behaviors, feelings of resentment and loss of trust. In worst cases, sexual abuse may lead to suicide. In addition, sexual abuse produces depression, antisocial behavior, loss of self respect and other emotional problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Child Molestation specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What’s more, victims of sexual abuse may experience hardships during their intimate relationships in their future lives. In nutshell, the negative effects of sexual abuse on children are diverse. There is no single set of outcomes or symptoms that a victim may experience. In some cases, the victim may even fail to experience any psychological pain as a result of the abuse. Nonetheless, the victim may experience self-denial as a coping mechanism or may feel afraid to express his/her real feelings. Some victims of sex abuse may experience what is known as sleeper effects. This implies that they may not experience any short-term emotional pain but are likely to encounter problems later on in their adulthood (American Psychological association, 2011, p.9). There is no doubt that the effects of child sex abuse are dire. Sexual abuse of children is morally and ethically wrong (American Humane association, 2011, p.4) . Negative Effects on Families There is no doubt that child sex abuse may negatively affect family relationships. In spite of the fact that child sex abuse may emerge from negative family dynamics, it can also easily generate or aggravate negative family relations or roles. Majority of literature usually cite the family secret implicit in many cases of incest. When a child is sexually abused by a family member, he/she can either withdraw from family relations or turn out to be sufficiently suggestive that his/her upsets the family relations. Many experts on family matters have also suggested that normal family relationships and roles are often disrupted by sexual exploitation (Briere Elliott, 1993, p.285). According to Briere and Elliot, family relations are likely to experience divided loyalty when a child is sexual exploited by a family member (1993, 285). When such crime is disclosed, the sexual offender may respond to the accusations with hostility, denial and defensiveness aga inst the victim and any other family member who support the child. In some cases, the sexual offender can take advantage of family ties to challenge claims made by the sexually molested child. In addition, the mother of the sexually molested child may air her concerns in a protective manner although some may even refute the sexual abuse, or blame the child (Briere Elliott, 1993, p.285).Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Preventions Children who are victims of sexual abuse usually show signs of behavioral changes according to their ages. It is thus imperative that parents learn to identify these signs and symptoms. For example, some of the signs exhibited by children aged below three years include: vomiting; sleep interruptions; feeding problems; excessive crying; and failure to prosper. Symptoms of sexual abuse for children aged between two and nine years, may include: extreme masturbation; eating disorders; withdrawal from family unit; feelings of guilt; and victimization of others. Signs of sexual abuse among older children include: promiscuity; depression; aggression; suicidal gestures; eating disorders; running away from home; poor academic performance; and sleeping disorders (The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2010, p.1). It is thus imperative that parents educate their children on appropriate sexual behaviors and encourage them to report anyone who attempts to touch their private pa rts. They must also provide adequate supervision for their children and only leave them under the care of persons they trust (American Psychological association, 2011, p.9). Penalties for Sexual Offenders There are several stiff laws enacted to deal with sexual offenders in the United States. For example, in 1995, lawmakers in Georgia passed the senate bill (SB 411) which is also known as the seven deadly sins law. The new law imposes a compulsory minimum sentence of 10 years in prison (without a possibility of parole) for child sex offenders and a life sentence for repeat offenders. Since SB 411 was enacted, the average prison sentence for first-time offenders increased from 12 years to about 18 years. Prior to 1996, child sex offenders served only 60% of their sentence. However, they now serve an average of 95% of their sentence (Georgia Department of Corrections, 2007, p.2). Conclusion Although there is no clear definition of what constitutes child sex abuse, many healthcare expe rts concur that child sex abuse is now a prevalent problem. Victims of sexual abuse may experience short-term and long-term negative effects as a result of sexual molestation. It is thus imperative that parents teach their children about appropriate sexual behaviors and encourage them to report incidences of sexual abuse. There is no doubt that cases of child sex abuse are on the rise. Nonetheless several strict laws have been enacted to punish sexual offenders. References American Humane Association. (2011). Child Sexual Abuse. Web. American Psychological Association. (2011). Understanding Child Sexual Abuse: Education, Prevention and Recovery. Web. Briere, J., Elliott, D.M. (1993). Sexual Abuse, Family Environment and Psychological Symptoms: On the Validity of Statistical Control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 284-288. Georgia Department of Corrections. (2007). Offenders in Georgia: Child Sex Offenders. Web. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (20 10). Child Sexual Abuse Fact Sheet. Web. This essay on The Problem of Child Molestation was written and submitted by user Kamden Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Interstellar travel

Interstellar travel Abstract The concept of interstellar trip is not easy, but attainable through adoption of appropriate technologies. This paper gives an overview of this possibility by discussing the main difficulties involved in such missions and a series of proposed and theoretical solutions that can be used to speed up the spaceship.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Interstellar travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It further discusses a number of future problems and the key contributions to human life that could arise once interstellar travel is accomplished. The adoption of advanced technologies will make interstellar travel a reality within the foreseeable future and will bring major benefits to the lives of humans living on earth. Introduction The concept of Interstellar spaceflight refers to the unmanned or manned trip that takes place between stars. Nowadays, a journey into space is limited to just some spaceshi ps visiting our neighbouring planets. However, is it possible to travel up to the nearest stars? Interstellar trip offers more challenges than interplanetary trip, but intergalactic trip, which is the voyage between various galaxies, is even more challenging. For the short term, particularly for manned travels, it may seem like a pipe dream due to the limitations on practical technology and sources. Nevertheless, in the long term, this dream may be achieved, possibly commencing with unmanned missions. In addition, once this goal is achieved, it will contribute to the discovery of the universe and human life. The main difficulties of achieving the interstellar trip One of the main difficulties of accomplishing an interstellar trip is the enormous distance that exists between the earth and the nearest star. This implies that an interstellar ship that travels at a fast speed and that can take a long time to travel is necessary for its achievement. The period taken by the majority of pr opulsion methods would last for decades to millennia; therefore, a spaceship would be much more extremely exposed to the dangers present in interstellar travel such as hard vacuum, radiation, weightlessness, and micrometeoroids. The vast distance complicates the possibility of designing manned travels, and further makes the economic justification of such a trip almost not possible. This is because the advantages that do not become available for a number of years to come have a present worth close to zero (Marcvey 1977).Advertising Looking for critical writing on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An important aspect contributing to the complexity arises from the energy that must be supplied to realize a practical travel time. The law of kinetic energy, e=1/2mv2 where m represents the final mass, describes the amount of energy needed; therefore, if deceleration on arrival is considered necessary and this canno t be attained by an atmosphere, then the total energy needed is even more. The speed for a manned interstellar travel of a few decades to even the nearest star exceeds by far the speed of the current propulsion methods and according to the square law, millions of times as much energy would be necessary. Moreover, this immense amount of energy has to be carried along the space vehicle since solar panels cease to function when they are far from the sun and other stars. A significant issue with the voyages at very high velocities is that interstellar dust and gas are able to impair the proper functioning of the space vehicle. This is because of the high relative velocities and huge kinetic energies involved. Larger materials, for example, macroscopic dust grains, though can cause more damage, are not very frequent. Different appropriate ways of protecting the spacecrafts from such hazards have been properly evaluated. Another difficulty of achieving an interstellar trip is attributed t o the practical speed of spaceships that move slower than the speed of light. Astronomical distances are usually given in terms of the time a beam of light moves between two places and in a vacuum, light travels at 186,000 miles per second. For example, the distance from the earth to the moon, which is about 1.3 light-seconds away, can be achieved in about three days by the use of the current spacecrafts. This implies that the speed of light is about two hundred thousand times faster than the speed of the current spaceships. It takes approximately three light-minutes to four light-hours to travel from the earth to the other planets within the solar system; therefore, a space vehicle can take about a few weeks to even many years to complete a voyage to any of these planets. The closest star to the sun is referred to as the Alpha Centuri and it takes light coming from it up to four years to reach the Earth. At present, the fastest spaceship that has been developed travels at thirty ki lometres per second. At that velocity, the voyage can last for up to 40,000 years. Moreover, the current spacecrafts are designed to have an operational lifetime of approximately forty years before they finally start to disintegrate. Therefore, major technological advances, for example, automated self-repair, may be incorporated in the design of spacecrafts to make sure they survive for a longer time. There is presently absence of adequate technological advancement to ensure that a spacecraft reaches other stars in less than five decades (Clark 1995).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Interstellar travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proposed solutions for interstellar trip If a spacecraft could average just ten percent of the velocity of light, it would take less than fifty years to reach the nearest star. Therefore, a series of proposed solutions have been proposed to overcome the difficulties and achi eve the dream of interstellar travel. These include development of the nuclear pulse propulsion, fusion rockets, the bussard ramjet, antimatter ramjets, and the beam-powered propulsion. The construction of spacecrafts by the use of nuclear pulse propulsion technology has been achievable from the 1960s. The spacecrafts are driven by a series of nuclear explosions that propels them at very high speed; hence, they are able to reach the nearest star in decades rather than centuries. The building costs of such crafts were estimated to be equal to those of crafts build by means of chemical rockets technology. Suggested interstellar spaceship travel by means of nuclear pulse propulsion technology includes Project Orion and Project Longshot. The former used nuclear bombs as propellant while the latter used inertial confinement fusion explosions. Project Orion is one of the few interstellar travel suggestions which can be achieved through the modern technological advancement. Interstellar tr ip would only be achieved by means of advanced derivatives of the design with cruising speeds of eight to ten percent metres per second; however, versions investigated during the exercise had too low exhaust velocities of twenty to thirty kilometres per second. The project was under intense criticism because of the dangers involved in using nuclear explosives as fuel for spacecrafts. The use of the fusion rockets have also been proposed as a means of speeding up the spaceship. The technology employs foreseeable fusion reactors that have the capacity to attain about ten percent the speed of light. Fusion reactors â€Å"burn† such light elements as helium or tritium to yield one percent of the mass of the nuclear fuel as released energy. On the other hand, fission is less preferred because it releases approximately 0.1% of the fuel’s mass energy. Nevertheless, the most realizable fusion reactions give out a huge portion of their energy as high-energy neutrons that are co mplicated to use. One suggestion of employing this technology is Project Daedalus. A hindrance of the traditional ways of propelling rockets is that the spaceship would have to be loaded with its fuel, therefore increasing its mass. The use of bussard ramjet, antimatter rockets, and beamed propulsion methods has been proposed as probable solutions to this problem.Advertising Looking for critical writing on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proposal of the bussard ramjet for an interstellar propulsion system was made by Robert W. Bussard in 1960. He suggested that a large scoop would gather the diffuse hydrogen in space, consume it during the interstellar flight by means of proton-proton fusion reaction, and then force it out. As the fuel would be gathered on transit, a spacecraft could travel at a speed near that of light. Later computations with more precise approximations indicate that the force produced would be less than the drag resulting from any possible scoop design. The proposal of an antimatter rocket would have an increased energy density and specific impulse that would exceed any other suggested interstellar propulsion system. Major progress can be made if energy resources and sufficient ways of manufacturing are discovered to formulate antimatter in the quantities desired. This would make it possible for the spacecrafts to reach velocities near that of light. However, time dilation would be more evide nt where time would pass at a slower rate for the voyagers as alleged by an outside observer. Finally, the proposal of beamed propulsion, would potentially reach even higher velocities surpassing those of the rockets or pulse propulsion methods. This is because it uses a light sail or magnetic sail driven by an enormous laser or particle accelerator in the home star system. Moreover, since it would not carry its own reaction mass, it would only need to propel the spaceship’s payload. Robert L. Forward suggested a method for decelerating an interstellar light sail in the destination star system devoid of a laser array by the use of a smaller secondary sail and a larger secondary sail. The smaller secondary sail is placed at the back of the spaceship whereas the larger primary sail is separated from the spaceship in order to keep moving forward on its own, and light is reflected from the latter to the former sail. The reflected light is used to decelerate the secondary sail and the spaceship’s load. It is also possible for a magnetic sail to decelerate at its destination minus relying on fuel carried on the way. The magnetic sail interacts with the plasma present in the destination star and the interstellar medium since in contrast to the light sail system; this would not need the action of the particle beam employed when starting the voyage of the spacecraft. On the other hand, it is possible to increase the speed of a magnetic sail by means of particle beam or a plasma beam. Theoretical solutions for interstellar trip Several scientists have put forward theoretical solutions for achieving interstellar trip. The concepts of traversable wormhole and warp drive have been proposed as possible means of surpassing the speed of light. A traversable wormhole refers to a theoretical topological feature of space-time that scientists postulate could connect two arbitrary points in the universe. Although wormholes are valid solutions in general relativity, i t has not been established whether they exist in practice. They can be of benefit only if exotic matter can be used to stabilize them. Warp drive is a faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel theoretical solution that equips a spaceship with a system that enables it to travel much faster than light by numerous orders of magnitude, while avoiding the difficulty of time dilation. The warp drive does not allow instantaneous movement between two places, but it forms an artificial â€Å"bubble† of normal space-time which envelops the spaceship. It does not go into a different realm or dimension like hyperspace. As a result, a spaceship travelling at a warp velocity is able to maintain normal interactions with objects in normal space. Future problems of interstellar travel Once interstellar travel is happening, scientists would have to deal with the problems of time dilation and universe expansion. Time dilation is one of the most enthralling aspects of relativity that refers to the slowing-down of the passage of time as witnessed by individuals or objects moving at a substantial fraction of the velocity of light. The two types of time dilation are gravitational time dilation and velocity time dilation. Both of them can operate together. Velocity time dilation occurs when an individual or an object travels at near the velocity of light and time tends to slow down as compared to the rest of the universe. In other words, for a stationary observer, time passes slower. Even though the object is moving fast, the observer would see it as slowing down its activity. Gravitational time dilation refers to the phenomenon of time passing at different rates in areas of different gravitational potential and it has been confirmed by tests of general relativity. This means that the lower the gravitational potential of an object, the slower the clock runs. This effect is evident in accelerated frames of reference, for example, an accelerating spacecraft, or by virtue of th e equivalence principle. Another problem arises from the possibility of universe expansion. It has been suggested that dark energy is slowly driving the universe in the direction of increasing rates of expansion as expressed by the Hubble Constant. The current expansion of the universe makes astronomers to be puzzled at the possibility of an interstellar travel because of the errors that arise from computations. Contributions of interstellar trip to man Although interstellar travel is a capital intensive exercise that is full of challenges, its achievement can bring major beneficial contributions to the human life on earth. It would need advanced technology to explore the extreme conditions of interstellar space. Therefore, the technology developed in realizing this can be successfully implemented in the making of life-saving and enhanced medical equipment. Moreover, man would discover the universe and maybe establish contacts with aliens. Interstellar travel would also make more en ergies and resources available to man. Fossil fuels and minerals on Earth could soon get depleted and the consequences can be worst if no reserves are available. As more people are being born on Earth, the effects of overpopulation could soon become unbearable. But, with the achievement of interstellar travel, scientists can discover methods to terraform the Mars or the moon to support human life. This achievement would make it possible to establish another civilization that would be having adequate quantities of energies and resources to benefit the individuals habiting on it as well as the individuals on Earth (Thomas 1989). Conclusion Although there are difficulties in achieving interstellar travel which arises from the vast distance between the earth and the nearest star and the slow speed of the current spaceships, a number of proposed solutions and theoretical solutions can make this goal to be realized in the near future. The proposed solutions for realizing this include deve lopment of the nuclear pulse propulsion, fusion rockets, the bussard ramjet, antimatter ramjets, and the beam-powered propulsion. Furthermore, proposed theoretical solutions include the use of traversable wormhole and warp drive. The possibility of interstellar travel started over 50 years ago. It has been marred by controversies from scientists, religious leaders, media and the common person. It is important therefore to review critically the available information to determine what the truth is about the possibility of such missions. This is because the inexhaustible region of interstellar space is lying before us, awaiting discovery and colonization to bring major benefits to our lives on this planet. Therefore, we should not rest until this reality is achieved by us, if not by our children. Reference List Clark, Stuart. 1995. Stars and atoms: from the Big Bang to the Solar System. New York: Oxford University Press. Marcvey, John. 1977. Interstellar travel: past, present, and futu re. New York: Stein and Day. Thomas, McDonough. 1989. Space: the next twenty five years. New York: Wiley.